A review of recent UK Serious Case Reviews relating to vulnerable adults Essay

Serious Case Reviews (SCRs) concerning vulnerable adults have been laid out to assess the manner in which experts and organizations operated jointly to protect a susceptible adult or have an effect after harm or demise of a susceptible adult in cases of interests to do with organization’s activities or operations. There lacks a national network in the UK for their collation and psychoanalysis (Manthorpe & Martineau, 2010). This review of recent SCRs in the United Kingdom employs three themes that encompass staff affiliations; family and professions; life history and chronology with the intention of extracting substance appropriate to social work strategy and performance. SCRs with respect to susceptible adults and questions carried out UK adult protection or defense boards at regional position after the occurrence of harm or demise had little or no scrutiny (Brown, 2009). This paper reflects on the role and influence of serious case reviews in safeguarding vulnerable adults. S uggestions on Serious Case Reviews are offered in line with the perspective of the recent review of the vulnerable adult protection in the UK that obtained demands for the operations of Serious Case Reviews to be more constant and for teachings obtained to be assessed and more broadly passed amid social employees, other experts, regulators, and stakeholders. During a period when the UK government declared policies for Serious Case Reviews for adults to shift to a legal foundation, this study focuses on their prospective as knowledge materials, but also on their role and impact. Information collection                      The results applied in this study shape a section of a larger research that constituted an analysis of some Serious Case Reviews implemented in the United Kingdom from the time of the emergence of In Safe Hands and No Secrets. Moreover, interviews through cell phones with some experts knowledgeable in such reviews, and study of some Serious Case Review reports played a significant role in this study (Manthorpe & Martineau, 2010). Complete reports of Serious Case Reviews are not easily accessible online or publicly and thus, in the aforementioned reviews, Safeguarding Adults Coordinators (earlier referred to as Adult Protection Coordinators) were called forth to provide Serious Case Review reports that their Board members had earlier commissioned. The Serious Case Review reports differed in volume from 8 to 48 pages. In this study, the reports were reviewed in terms of: †  Contemplations on Serious Case Reviews; †  Methodology or progression; †  Outlay; †  Rationale; †  Reexamination/action plan; †  Review workforce; †  Teachings/recommendations; †  Threshold of Serious Case Review (if this was particularly reflected on), the rationale behind a Serious Case Review being felt as suitable (Aylett, 2009); †  Timescale; †  Type of Abuse (encompassing also disregard) using the groups delineated in No Secrets; †  Underlying principle for Serious Case Review; information concerning the victims, averred abusers and situations (Aylett, 2008). Because this review focused on learning if the reports clearly handled a number of these aspects thus permitting for assessment of the intelligibility and rigidity of the practice, this review applied full reports. Moreover, there exists an appealing balance in a question involving the major narrative, defining the occurrence and its forerunners, and the bureaucratic nature of the proposals (Benbow, 2008). Findings                      The ages of the vulnerable people that were affected or died were reported in age groups while tribe was not reported to sustain strict anonymity. Attributable to the lack of lawful or other fortitudes in a lot of reports, this study refers to averred victims and averred abusers. Some of the articles applied in this research entailed death and proof of disregard or abuse (in case that such abandonment or abuse was evidently contributory to death or not). Other articles entailed assertions of abandonment or mistreatment occurring at the averred victim’s residence attributable to relatives or people given the responsibility of providing care (Cambridge & Parkes, 2006). The rest entailed claims of sexual indignation, abandonment, or abuse with harm nearly causing death, general institutional abandonment, or maltreatment that was caused by pitiable attention and healthcare practices. Purpose                      The reports employed were generally clear concerning the rationale of the Serious Case Review that had been carried out, focusing on viewing this as a way to encourage multi-organization operation and lesson knowledge. This, from a report regarding the demise of a woman aged over 90 years after clearly obstreperous behavior of a relative in the countenance of suggestion that the woman ought to be admitted in a health care facility, is practically distinctive. The reason behind this review is to safeguard susceptible people by concentrating on teachings obtained from the cases and giving suggestions with an intention of curbing similar calamity through intensifying and bettering multi-organization processes and deals. The people carrying out Serious Case Reviews excellently comprehend this form of conceptualization of rationale concerning the notion behind them (Cambridge, Beadle-Brown, Milne, Mansell, & Whelton, 2011). Some local authorities do not have Serious Case Review procedures where to base reviews but adhere to the Mental Capacity Act 2005 whose main objective is to offer a legal structure for conduct and judgment making in aid of adults that do not have the capability to make some choices by themselves. The purpose of this review is: To gain knowledge from experience To better future performance by operating on the learning To enhance multi-organization operation To review protection adults practices This purpose of this review is not concerning blame allotment. In case personal matters come about from any Serious Case Review, they ought to be administered by every organization in accordance with their normal practices. Threshold                      In cases where death has occurred in conjunction with proof or suspicion of abandonment or mistreatment, such cases ought to at all times lead to Serious Case Review. Where there at one time existed potentially acute injury because of possible maltreatment or abandonment and the instance or occurrence creates issues concerning the manner in which local services and experts have operated jointly, then a Serious Case Review ought to be regarded. Similar standards are relevant where mistreatment or abandonment has occurred, in an individual’s residence or care and healthcare setting, or where numerous abusers are probably engaged (Cambridge et al., 2011). In an instance that perhaps ended in death of an elderly woman, the details were identified as lying in the Safeguarding Adult Board’s description of significance on grounds of the severe nature of abandonment and disregard she had encountered. This encompassed occurrences of mistreatment, anyone that was severe enough to lead to a referral to adult protection care in the regional authority, but encountered collective abandonment. Nevertheless, it was outstandingly exceptional for the reports to regard the concern of threshold explicitly thus complicating the knowledge of the rationale for carrying out a Serious Case Review (Cambridge & Parkes, 2006). In simple terms, we fail to gain knowledge of the description of the seriousness being used for a Serious Case Review, or the person that has approved the Serious Case Review as having met its threshold (Cambridge & Parkes, 2006). Furthermore, one of the Serious Case Reviews reviewed, embarked on into an occurrence where demise or severe injury never happened, seemed to create some extremely helpful study for broad extents of organizations and recommends that a different threshold could be a system breakdown. The set back of this review was in the investigation and reporting on the conditions that brought about the letdown of care provision that led to the woman that had a learning disability being disregarded the entire night on a transport bus. Teaching and recommendations from Serious Case Reviews                      The progression of gaining knowledge, the main rationale of Serious Case Reviews, perpetually leads to recommendations. Most of the Serious Case Reviews that were reviewed recognized discrepancies in inter-organization communication, the precise nature of the discrepancy relying, obviously, on the conditions (Aylett, 2009). The reports segregate the poor affiliations involving, for instance, care personnel, police, caregivers (relatives or physicians), the hospital workforce, and the facilities of adult protection in the regional authority. Outstandingly, some of the reports state on a deficiency of intelligibility as to lead organization, a function the regional authority was anticipated to carry out under No Secrets and that studies recommend had been identified and decided. Devoid of the organizations having a clear depiction, the failure to examine appropriately the threats to susceptible adults or that at hand in a care setting turned out to be more comprehensible following this review. This was pooled with a need for insight concerning adult protection measures, affirming a requirement for training or knowledge amid social and medical care personnel. References Aylett, J. (2008). Learning the lessons in training from abuse inquiries – findings and recommendations. Journal of Adult Protection, 10(4), 7-11. Aylett, J. (2009). A model and strategy for multi-agency adult protection training in Kent and Medway. Journal of Adult Protection, 11(1), 13-20. Benbow, S. (2008). Failures in the system: our inability to learn from inquiries. Journal of Adult Protection, 10(3), 5-13. Brown, H. (2009). The process and function of serious case review. Journal of Adult Protection, 11(1), 38-50. Cambridge, P., & Parkes, T. (2006). The Tension between Mainstream Competence and Specialization in Adult Protection: An Evaluation of the Role of the Adult Protection Coordinator. British Journal of Social Work, 36(2), 299-321. Cambridge, P., Beadle-Brown, J., Milne, A., Mansell, J., & Whelton, B. (2011). Adult protection: The processes and outcomes of adult protection referrals in two English local authorities. Journal of Social Work, 11(3), 247-267. Manthorpe, J., & Martineau, S. (2010). Serious case reviews in adult safeguarding in England: an analysis of a sample of reports. British journal of social work, 41(2), 1-18. Source document

Nursing Theory

Question 1 A). Describe in your own words what you believe nursing is? -Nursing is responsible to look after sick and injured people . It is a duty of care to assess, planned ,help what their needs to keep them healthy ,comfortable and happy. A nurse must have ability to ensure their knowledge , skills ,and experience and confident to ensure their profession. B). Provide an overview of each Nursing Theory. -Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (Orem) Dorothy Orem’s self care deficit theory, general theory of nursing is one of the host widely used model in nursing today. In 1914,Orem was born in Baltimore ,Maryland. She received her nursing diploma in the early 1930’s from Providence Hospital School of Nursing ,Washington D. C. In addition to earning a BSN Ed. (1939) and MSN Ed. (1945), She has received three honorary doctorates and an Alumni Achievement Award For Nursing Theory in 1980 from Catholic University of America. (Hartweg,1995). In 1978, Orem (citied in Faucett, 2005) connected that the task required in dentification of the domain and boundaries of nursing as a science and an art . After reflecting upon her own nursing experience, Orem says then answer . come to her as a flash of in sight an understanding that the reason why individuals could benefit from anything was the existence of self care limitations. -Interpersonal relations Model (Peplau) In 1952 Hildegard Peplau made an attempt to analyse nursing action using an interpersonal Page1 Theoretical framework. Her theory focuses on the relationship formed by people as they progress through each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between the nurse and client whereby the nurse acts as resource person, counselor, teacher and surrogate. -Complementary-Supplementary model (Henderson) In 1964 Virginia Henderson described the goal of nursing as helping the client to gain independence as rapidly as possible and defined nursing as assisting the individual sick or well ,in the performance of those activities contributing to health, is recovery promoting quality of life or to a peaceful death that the client would perform unaided if he or she had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. Henderson identified 14 basic needs that provide a framework for nursing care. These are breathe normally, eat and drink adequately, eliminate by all avenues of elimination, move and maintain a desirable position, sleep and rest, select suitable clothing, dress, and undress, maintain body temperature within normal range, keep the clean and well groomed, avoid dangers in the environment, communicate with others, workship according to faith, work at something that provides a sense of accomplishment, play or participate in various forms of recreation, learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health. hrough each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between Nursing theory The patient in this case has a condition that puts him at risk for illness and injury. uk/nursing-scientific-management-and-frederick-taylor/">A nursing theory is a conceptualization of some aspects of nursing communicated for the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting and or prescribing nursing care (Jacqueline, 2001). Imogene king’s theory focuses more specifically on the events and the phenomena of the discipline and is specific enough to contribute on a sound basis for achieving an effective behavioral outcome in this case study. Applications of these theories in practice depend on the awareness, understanding and research on their interrelationships (Patricia A Potter, 2005). The American Nurses Association (ANA) is a full-service professional organization representing the nation's entire registered nurse population. The ANA represents the interests of the nation's 2.7 million registered nurses through its 54 constituent state and territorial associations and over 150,000 members. It is dedicated to ensuring that an adequate supply of highly skilled and well-educated nurses is available in USA. ANA is also committed to meeting the needs of nurses as well as health care consumers (http://www.nursingworld.org). Imogene King (Jacqueline, 2001) formulated a goal attainment theory which focuses on three dynamic interacting systems namely, personal, interpersonal and social systems.   According to this theory, a personal relationship occurs between the client and the nurse, and this nurse-client relationship is the vehicle for the delivery of nursing care, which is defined as a dynamic interpersonal process (Jacqueline, 2001).   This theory emphasizes on the fact that the nurse and the client are affected by each other’s behavior and it is duty of the nurse to maintain this interpersonal process. King's Goal Attainment Theory involves a process where the nurse and the patient mutually communicate information, establish goals, and take action to obtain the common goals. This theory is about the interpersonal process where two people, usually strangers come together in a health care organization to obtain their health goals. This goal attainment theory is based on personal and interpersonal systems, which includes interaction, communication, transaction, role, stress, growth and development, time and space. Goal attainment in this model is achieved through a goal-oriented nursing record, which is composed of five major elements namely, a database, a problem list, a goal list, a plan and progress notes. Active participation of the client in the process of goal setting and goal achievement are the major strengths of this model. This model framework is useful for nurses in social interactions with clients. This theory is based on the principle that each individual (client) brings to an interaction a different set of values, ideas, attitudes, perceptions to exchange  and the other person (nurse) receives this information and processes it. Thus, these two individuals mutually identify goals and the means to achieve them. In this interaction process they reach an agreement about how to attain these goals and then set about to realize them (Jacqueline, 2001). According to King’s theory, Patient participation with the elements of communication, expression, interaction with the nurse is the most important factor, which keeps alive the interpersonal process of personal relationship. This brings the nurse and the patient to a common goal and both of them strive to achieve this common goal. This is supported by the strategies, the nurse record of the outcomes and the statistical analysis of the data. CONCLUSION Thus today Nursing is a profession rather than a vocation. Nursing as a profession accounts for its conscientious, knowledgeable and responsible actions.   The profession has extended education avenues, a body of knowledge leading to defined skills, an ability to provide specific service, professional autonomy to make decisions governed by a code of ethics (Patricia A Potter, 2005). The theoretical models have served as frameworks for nursing curriculum and practice by increasing the scientific basis of nursing practice and in USA, ANA has been continuing its efforts to expand the scientific and research base for nursing practice, for the collective bargaining rights and workplace advocacy for all nurses, to gain better compensation and better working conditions for nurses, and to implement new ways in which nursing services can be delivered to respond to current and future demands for cost-effective, quality health care ( http://www.nursingworld.org ).It Strives to shape the future of healthcare through excellence in nursing education using education, science and technology to improve health. REFERENCE Jacqueline, â€Å"The Nurse Theorists-21st century updates†, Nursing science quarterly, Volume 14, 4; 311, 2001. Patricia A Potter, Anne Griffin Perry, Fundamentals of Nursing, 6th edition, Mosby, 2005. Ruth L.E. Murray, Marjorie Baier, ‘King's conceptual framework applied to a transitional living program’, Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, Vol. 32, 1996. http://www.nursingworld.org/about/mission.htm Nursing Theory Question 1 A). Describe in your own words what you believe nursing is? -Nursing is responsible to look after sick and injured people . It is a duty of care to assess, planned ,help what their needs to keep them healthy ,comfortable and happy. A nurse must have ability to ensure their knowledge , skills ,and experience and confident to ensure their profession. B). Provide an overview of each Nursing Theory. -Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (Orem) Dorothy Orem’s self care deficit theory, general theory of nursing is one of the host widely used model in nursing today. In 1914,Orem was born in Baltimore ,Maryland. She received her nursing diploma in the early 1930’s from Providence Hospital School of Nursing ,Washington D. C. In addition to earning a BSN Ed. (1939) and MSN Ed. (1945), She has received three honorary doctorates and an Alumni Achievement Award For Nursing Theory in 1980 from Catholic University of America. (Hartweg,1995). In 1978, Orem (citied in Faucett, 2005) connected that the task required in dentification of the domain and boundaries of nursing as a science and an art . After reflecting upon her own nursing experience, Orem says then answer . come to her as a flash of in sight an understanding that the reason why individuals could benefit from anything was the existence of self care limitations. -Interpersonal relations Model (Peplau) In 1952 Hildegard Peplau made an attempt to analyse nursing action using an interpersonal Page1 Theoretical framework. Her theory focuses on the relationship formed by people as they progress through each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between the nurse and client whereby the nurse acts as resource person, counselor, teacher and surrogate. -Complementary-Supplementary model (Henderson) In 1964 Virginia Henderson described the goal of nursing as helping the client to gain independence as rapidly as possible and defined nursing as assisting the individual sick or well ,in the performance of those activities contributing to health, is recovery promoting quality of life or to a peaceful death that the client would perform unaided if he or she had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. Henderson identified 14 basic needs that provide a framework for nursing care. These are breathe normally, eat and drink adequately, eliminate by all avenues of elimination, move and maintain a desirable position, sleep and rest, select suitable clothing, dress, and undress, maintain body temperature within normal range, keep the clean and well groomed, avoid dangers in the environment, communicate with others, workship according to faith, work at something that provides a sense of accomplishment, play or participate in various forms of recreation, learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health. hrough each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between Nursing Theory Question 1 A). Describe in your own words what you believe nursing is? -Nursing is responsible to look after sick and injured people . It is a duty of care to assess, planned ,help what their needs to keep them healthy ,comfortable and happy. A nurse must have ability to ensure their knowledge , skills ,and experience and confident to ensure their profession. B). Provide an overview of each Nursing Theory. -Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (Orem) Dorothy Orem’s self care deficit theory, general theory of nursing is one of the host widely used model in nursing today. In 1914,Orem was born in Baltimore ,Maryland. She received her nursing diploma in the early 1930’s from Providence Hospital School of Nursing ,Washington D. C. In addition to earning a BSN Ed. (1939) and MSN Ed. (1945), She has received three honorary doctorates and an Alumni Achievement Award For Nursing Theory in 1980 from Catholic University of America. (Hartweg,1995). In 1978, Orem (citied in Faucett, 2005) connected that the task required in dentification of the domain and boundaries of nursing as a science and an art . After reflecting upon her own nursing experience, Orem says then answer . come to her as a flash of in sight an understanding that the reason why individuals could benefit from anything was the existence of self care limitations. -Interpersonal relations Model (Peplau) In 1952 Hildegard Peplau made an attempt to analyse nursing action using an interpersonal Page1 Theoretical framework. Her theory focuses on the relationship formed by people as they progress through each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between the nurse and client whereby the nurse acts as resource person, counselor, teacher and surrogate. -Complementary-Supplementary model (Henderson) In 1964 Virginia Henderson described the goal of nursing as helping the client to gain independence as rapidly as possible and defined nursing as assisting the individual sick or well ,in the performance of those activities contributing to health, is recovery promoting quality of life or to a peaceful death that the client would perform unaided if he or she had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. Henderson identified 14 basic needs that provide a framework for nursing care. These are breathe normally, eat and drink adequately, eliminate by all avenues of elimination, move and maintain a desirable position, sleep and rest, select suitable clothing, dress, and undress, maintain body temperature within normal range, keep the clean and well groomed, avoid dangers in the environment, communicate with others, workship according to faith, work at something that provides a sense of accomplishment, play or participate in various forms of recreation, learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health. hrough each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between

Ibsen A Dolls House

The play â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Isben brings to light the realities of middle class society and its values. A woman’s place in 1800’s society was very different than it is today. Women did not have the same freedoms that they have today, in spite of the fact that they were strong and intelligent. Nora used this strength and intelligence in play and was punished for it.The play opens up with Nora arriving home and being greeted by her husband in a condescending manner. Torvald says to his wife, â€Å"Has my little spendthrift been wasting money again?† He also calls her a lark and a squirrel. However, Torvald is unaware that most of the money he gives his wife is going towards a loan that she secretly took out to help him. In the 1800’s, it was illegal for women to take out loans without their husband’s signature. Torvald was ill and the family needed money to help him. Nora secretly takes out a loan by forging her fatherâ€⠄¢s signature. This is illegal, of course, and later leads to Krogstad blackmailing Nora. When Torvald finds out he threatens her.The way Nora handles her situation is inspirational. She had been treated like a doll by both her father and her husband, but she has the strength to stand up to her husband. She decides to leave and start a new life for herself. The human spirit will not be trampled on. Nora has done something that is not wrong, and she has done it for a very good reason. She begins to question everything she has always blindly accepted, including being a wife and mother, and her religious training. Even though Nora was held down her whole life, she realizes that she has â€Å"duties to myself.† She knows that most people would think that what she was doing was wrong, but she stays true to herself. In the end, Nora does what she has to do to survive.â€Å"A Doll’s House† starts as a play about a typical middle class family. Nora goes through challeng es and realizes that they cannot do what society expects out of her. She goes outside the boundaries of what she is allowed to do as a woman for a reason that she feels is noble. But she is punished  for that action and cannot accept the fact that she is reprimanded for it. In the end, when Nora decides to leave her husband and family, her decision opens up a possibility of a new life and personal growth for her. I was left wondering how that life will be, and wishing her success and happiness.

Description of human emotions Personal Statement

Description of human emotions - Personal Statement Example C, in front of Lincoln memorial. It has filled my heart with gratitude when I went in the Korean War memorial park. This has given me a lot of impression and provided me with the chance of re-analyzing what I am blessed with. I am a grandchild of a soldier who sacrificed his life to safe guard his countrymen to safe guard me during the Korean War. When I saw the gravestone of American soldiers mentioning 54,246 deaths and 8,177 missing my heart sinked with grief. I was reminded of my yester years when my mother used to preach me about peace. The sacrifice can never be small. The importance of lives is understood when one is not around. We have to live with the memories only. When I saw a women paying homage to the soldiers, I could grasp the importance of each and every life on this earth. The soldier has sacrificed his life to protect his countrymen. He has sacrificed his sleep and life's comforts. The thought provoke me "the soldier has done this for whom For me of course! Also for the people like me." I felt really pity for the women as a single life influences the lives of many. An entire family suffers after his demise. If the family is strong females of the families are capable enough then they can rear their children but what about those families where this is not the case. Today, my heart is filled with gloom why on earth we human beings have to fight for might Where are we heading Who is responsible Do we real

Relapse Prevention the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors Term Paper

Relapse Prevention the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors - Term Paper Example In most cases, such individuals attempt to quit completely or try to modify such addictive behaviors such as by reducing their alcohol intake or smoking (Fisher and Harrison 2). A majority of individuals who make attempts in most cases become successful in changing such behaviors. However, among those who make attempts by seeking medical attention to change addictive behaviors, about 60 to 80% is seen to return to the same behavior after some time (Jonson 765). This is what is termed as relapse. Despite all the challenges that an individual faces in an attempt to move away from addictive behavior, it is necessary that such individuals be helped to cope with the challenge. Johnson (766) argues that the ultimate goal of relapse prevention and recycling success entails helping such individuals stop drug abuse or help them become more successful as they learn from experience. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on relapse prevention and substance abuse. Johnson (769) notes that interventions designed for relapse prevention have been made under the clinical application of Marlatt and Gordon’s model. The model came about after the advent of a focus on maintenance and relapse prevention. Under this model, interventions are designed so as to enhance the maintenance of behavior change and to ensure that there are self-management and skills for withstanding the challenges posed by relapses (Fisher and Harrison 12). Johnson notes that relapse prevention goals are twofold: preventing initial relapse and management of relapse to abate a complete relapse in case it fails to occur. Nevertheless, treatment goals based on the reduction of harm and reduction of substance use have also been tried. The effectiveness of relapse prevention models have been reviewed with regard to different substances and then matched with numerous intervention alternatives.

Starting An Aquarium Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Starting An Aquarium - Lab Report Example Water in the glass or fibre tank provides the fish with a close to nature location. When the fish are bought and put in the aquarium, they find it an almost natural habitat. There are plants to provide oxygen, the gravel at the bottom acting as a substrate for the plants. The light not only makes the fish look attractive, it helps the plants grow too. The filter helps keep the water clean for the fish, and drains out unwanted chemicals, like ammonia. The powerhead is used to gently circulate the water and drain it out when required. * List of materials and equipment 1. Fish tank: glass or fibre. 2. Stand for the tank. 3. Gravel for the plants. 4. Lights, preferably CFL for the tank. 5. Filter 6. Hood 7. Powerhead 8. Air pumps 9. Net 10. Cleaning Equipment 11. Fish * Directions Steps 1. Choose the Tank: Chose the tank, depending on the size and shape that fits your room. 2. Select or make a stand for the tank to rest on. 3. Place the soil at the bottom, aquarium soil called fluorite is available in pet shops. 4. Next, place the gravel on the layer of soil. 5. Place the decorative material. 6. Add water gently into the tank through a siphon. 7. Drill the hole near the bottom and place a filter (Eheim 2313 Classic filter).Make sure there is a filter intake and filter output 8. Add a CO2 system(yeast/fermentation plant) to help the plants grow well. 9. Place a heater is near the water flow, such as the outlet (or inlet) from the filter, or in the stream of a power head. 10. Install the plants and add water . 11. Add the fish. 12. Place the aquarium lid on top along with the lights, preferably fluorescent. 13. The aquarium is ready to be used.

Development of motion picture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Development of motion picture - Essay Example A French dissenter threw a molotov cocktail in one of the theaters during its exhibition. The criticisms leveled at the film, just like in the case of Mel Gibson’s The Passion of Christ (2004), indicate a certain risk for filmmakers, which could affect the articulation of the material. This paper takes a closer look at three significant ‘Jesus-films’: The Last Temptation of Christ (Scorsese, 1988); The Passion of Christ (Gibson 2004); and, Son of God (Spencer, 2014). The differences between the three films reviewed in this paper are perhaps best articulated in the genres chosen by each of the directors. Scorsese’s work, which was an adaptation of Nikos Kazatzakis’ novel of the same title, would qualify as a Hollywood biopic, presenting a Christ tortured by God. In a way, this is not surprising because the director is known for these type of anti-heroes - those caught in the web of human failings, torn between their passion and beliefs (see, for instance Taxi Driver and Raging Bull). There was an objective: to resolve what it must have been like for Jesus as a human who was struggling with his divinity and his humanity. Throughout the film, Jesus was depicted as a Messiah who constantly questioned and doubted. The primary thesis was that Jesus was human and must have grappled with human frailties because - it is assumed - that it was part of his purpose. In order to resolve Scorsese’s goals, the director had to answer Jesus’ initial attitude towards his divinity and how he came to terms with it. In the process, he had to break away from the traditional tone and setting of previous Jesus-films. For instance, in his depiction of one of the temptations, the devil was presented in a suit that somehow resembled a modern-day CEO or even a preaching evangelical. In addition, Scorsese also had to create scenes

The Benefits of Obamas Tax Bill. Why new tax legislation is good Essay

The Benefits of Obamas Tax Bill. Why new tax legislation is good Persuasive - Essay Example The bill mostly raises taxes on the wealthy to levels which are closer to what the rest of Americans pay, and does not cause lots of damage to benefit programs like Medicare and Social Security. Despite these positive aspects of the bill, it does have strong opponents. The opponents do not like the way it raises taxes on the wealthiest Americans, and also argue that it will hurt small business owners. I believe, however, that the bill is a good thing, and will help everyone in by avoiding massive spending cuts and tax increases which would definitely hurt the economy. One of the best parts about the American Taxpayer Relief Act is that it makes very limited cuts to benefits for those who need them the most. These include continuing some of the tax breaks that were going to expire, so that â€Å"families will continue to receive tax credits to help raise their kids and send them to college,† and companies â€Å"continue to receive tax credits† for things like research, i nvestment, and clean energy jobs (Compton). In addition to tax breaks, though, the bill does not make any cuts to Medicare, Medicaid, or social security, all of which help â€Å"seniors, students, the poor, and working families† (Compton).... ng over $400,000 a year should be easily able to pay a little more without having to worry about their well-being, their housing situation, and their medical bills. The fact that the bill does not raise taxes or remove cuts on middle-class or low-income groups where these things would be problematic is a good thing. The comments that opponents of the bill usually have focus mostly on the total amount of money that will be put onto American taxpayers. For example, they say that combined with the so-called â€Å"Obamacare† act taxpayers will have to pay almost $60 billion in new taxes starting this year (Patten). The biggest single increase is the one on payroll taxes. Critics argue that the removal of the â€Å"payroll tax holiday,† which was removed in order to increase payments to Social Security, â€Å"will actually hit lower- and middle-income taxpayers harder, in percentage terms, than the wealthy† (Patten). Another common argument is that small business owne rs, who are supposed to be good for the economy, will suffer under the bill. For example, they point out that â€Å"750,000 small businesses would be impacted if taxes were raised on individuals making more than $500,000† (Patten). Despite what opponents say, I believe that the new tax bill will mostly help the economy recover, while having a limited impact on the American people. It is dishonest to suggest that the bill will affect all taxpayers the same, as it is mostly the wealthy who have increases. Although the rich are upset about this, really since they make so much more money than most people it is fair to have them pay more in taxes than the average middle class American does. On the other hand, the tax bill makes tax cuts to lower-income Americans permanent, doesn’t cut benefits to the most needy, and

Axon company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Axon company - Essay Example In 2001 they leading business consultancy Bywater and broadened its offering in the management consultancy space, delivering strategy, process and organisational transformation programmes. In the US also they have acquired several SAP consultancy firms including TUI Consulting Inc, Premier HR Solutions Inc and Zytalis Inc. Axon now has offices in the US, Asia Pacific and Europe and turned over more than  £137.5m in 2006 and their clients include Transport for London, The AA, Xerox, Birmingham City Council, BP, Pratt & Whitney, Sikorsky, Goodrich Corporation, Air Canada and Aquarion. Their three lines of business include business consulting division, solutions implementation division and applications management division. They cater to sectors ranging from aerospace to retail and telecommunications to oil and gas. They address emerging issues like address emerging global issues such as electronic commerce, industry convergence, worldwide alliances, virtual organisations and corporate citizenship. The market environment for such consultancy firms is robust with growth but not all succeed due to the prevailing market forces. An analysis of the industry, the market forces and the economy relevant to the company would help to determine the future prospects for Axon. Besides, any company is also governed by the regulatory issues and this too contributes to the success of the organization. The consulting industry has experienced sizeable growth and enviable profits. Consulting services generated approximately $120 billion worldwide during 2004 and the future is promising as well (Mark, 2006). This is due to various factors that govern the industry. Industries like health care, financial services, energy, retail and IT have all exhibited phenomenal growth. In the competitive environment firms are increasingly hiring consultants and offering excellent compensation

Marketing channel proposal for bank of America Essay

Marketing channel proposal for bank of America - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that marketing channels are important to a firm’s distribution objectives. The first is specialization and the second is contractual efficiency. The principle of specialization refers to the assignment of distribution tasks to firms that possess the necessary expertise. The paper presents the opening a 200 branch retail network embedded within the BS network. The marketing channel has two important parts: the physical distribution structure that moves a product from the manufacturer to the consumer or user and the consequent marketing structure that is established as a part of the channel of distribution to ensure the manufacturer that all marketing objectives are accomplished. The primary marketing objective of Bank of America is to profitably reach as many potential consumers of their products as soon as possible. The bank branch remains a viable and important delivery channel for retail banking customers and is the primary locatio n for new product sales. The Bank of America still expresses a need for the traditional bank branch. The advantages of a retail bank branch are security, branch business productivity and continuity, financial transactions, risk management, compliance with new regulations and preserving customer trust by building customer trust. Moreover, a bank branch can implement multiple sales promotions the whole year through sales contests and incentives; and special promotional deals (e.g., discounts offered during a specified period of time). Pull promotions are directed at end-use customers and are designed to encourage them to request a product from channel members such as wholesalers, retailers, or both. OPTION II. Utilising an internet only channel for its current account product. An internet only channel is an electronic marketing channel which enables clients to use banking and other financial services by employing various information technologies with no need for a direct contact with a bank clerk. This electronic banking is faster, better and cheaper.Bank of America can build a whole marketing strategy around high technology and quality. The issue of quality is a goal and a bond among all corporate functions. To exploit commitment opportunities, the bank can preempt its competitors. The business, however, has to be especially wary of environmental changes that can erode the value of its early investments. Size is beneficial only when there are compelling advantages to being large, such as economies of scale, scope, or experience. Advantages through preferred access to resources, information, or customers can give a business a sustainable advantage that is independent of Bank of America will inform their clients of the time schedule within which they can order individual services and the time of execution of orders for each individual state-of-the-art electronic marketing channel. Consequently, there will be trade-offs. Greater convenience increases security risks, and greater complexity reduces convenience. OPTION III. Adoption of the current MBNA model which focuses on the telephone as the core channel for its credit card, loans and insurance services. The challenge for banks is to create value and to retain control over their customers. Telephone service is crucial for banks. Telephone service enables wire transfers, automated clearing house transactions, automated teller machine transactions and inquiries, remote processing, and teller terminals located in branches but connected to an off-site host computer. It also fosters the numerous bank functions that rely on voice connections. However, the telephone as a core service and marketing channel for the bank suffers from specific weaknesses. One, when there is no electricity, there is no telephone service. Second, telephone outages which result from natural disasters can cut off bank transactions for a given period of time. In order to improve customer service, the bank can offer

Joan of Arc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Joan of Arc - Research Paper Example They again felt that they would be able to hold on to the sovereignty of their nation and have their own king on the throne. Joan of Arc lived her life according to what she felt was the dictate of God. What she did was based on the visions that she had when she was a child living in a village of France. Her rise to power in France was thus meteoric. Her death however, was equally tragic. A gruesome death at the hands of the English Church was hardly what she deserved after the pains that she took for the sake of her motherland, France. Following her death, her memory was recovered and she has now entered into public consciousness through literature and various other sources. This paper shall seek to understand her position as a woman in the fifteenth century and attempt to answer the question as to whether this position affected the different choices that Joan of Arc took. Joan of Arc’s entry into French politics is looked upon with great surprise by many who are familiar wit h the condition that women found themselves during the fifteenth century in France and for that matter, anywhere in the world. This is not a pointer to the immense clout that Joan of Arc wielded at this point, right at the beginning of her career, but to the condition that France found herself in. ... She however, looked at the situation where the Count of Dunois had led France to and sought to reverse it. The siege of Orleans had started to look like a hopeless affair as far as the French were concerned. The siege which had continued for over seven months had started to look ominous from the French point of view. This condition was changed to a large extent with the point where Joan of Arc enters the history of the Hundred Years War. Her journey to meet the Dauphin was the catalyst behind the revival of the French hopes as far as the continuance of their resistance was concerned (Pernoud 1999, 9-11)1. This journey was an uncommon one for any woman to undertake and this was the beginning of her breaking various stereotypes that are often assigned to women. This was a breaking of a barrier of customs that did not have such a precedent. Joan of Arc thus set an example for those who were to follow her, providing them with an example of initiative. In the twenty first century, there a re many women who are lauded for their political initiative and courage. One needs to remember that Joan of Arc’s actions were taken in a conservative society where women were given much less freedom than they are in today’s society. This makes her achievement all the more praiseworthy. Calling her the â€Å"Ideal Androgyne†, Marina Warner talks of Joan’s transvestism2 (1981, 140). Wearing clothes that were traditionally worn by men was something that Joan had to resort to so as to protect herself from sexual advances by male soldiers of both camps. This points to the condition that women had to face in society at the point of time when Joan was active. The importance of this lies in the fact that even a person who was powerful in the larger 1. Pernoud

Smoking Cigarettes Essay Example for Free

Smoking Cigarettes Essay Smoking cigarettes is harmful for many reasons. It is not only harmful to the human body but also affects the environment. This is because of many chemicals and substances that produce this hazardous product. There are many causes of smoking cigarettes. First of all, teenagers smoke because they want to be fit, and avoid gaining weight as smoking sedate hunger. Them they see their friends smoke and think it makes them look cool, be independent, and feel no tension and worries. The main cause of smoking is Nicotine which is an addictive and harmful substance contained in cigarette. People smoke cigarettes when they are depressed, lonely, or bored, and they help them to reduce the stress. Smoking is harmful to the human body, and it affects the eyes, mouth, throat, lungs, heart, stomach, and pancreas. It also causes cancer. The effects of smoking to the eyes is smoker have two to three times greater chance of developing cataracts, which leads to blindness. The Lungs and heart also are affected by smoking. Smokers are at a high risk of lung cancers, and smoking causes hardening of the arteries. The Stomach and pancreas also get affected from smoking. Smokers experience more coughs and colds as compare to the non-smoker. Any pregnant woman who is in habit of smoking cigarettes will have an increased risk of having an abnormal baby. Smoking is like a slow death. Besides affecting oneself, it also has a negative impact on the other people are smokers who are known as second hand smokers. Many people who start smoking have a family member or close friend who smokes. Smoking reduces ability to do things, such as sports and exercise. The tar in cigarette covers up alveoli, which helps a person to breath. Some people began smoking to showing off, or some wanted to enjoy it. Smoking is a habit which person find difficult to quit. Always try to avoid what your friend say about smoking. We need to give more attention to the effects of smoking to the non-smokers because they get more serious effects than the  smokers.

The Reputation of Alton Towers

The Reputation of Alton Towers Introduction Over the last decade, there has been a drastic change in the way in which consumers communicate with brands (Giannini, 2011). Instead of one-way communication in which companies present unsolicited information about brands and products through advertisements and promotion messages in the market place, they seek information when they are ready to participate in a dialogue and become part of a mutually beneficial community comprising of marketers and consumers (Giannini, 2011). Public relations is the field which emphasises the importance of two way brand relationship using both traditional and new media channels (Butterick, 2011). This essay focuses upon how Alton Towers Resorts can use the aspects of public relations as part of its marketing efforts to recover its damaged reputation which has caused it a significant loss in revenue due to the crash of Smiler roller-coaster in 2015. Significance of Trust Developing trust with the consumers contributes towards sustaining a needed market share and profitability in the long term (Giannini, 2011). Enhanced consumer trust in brands also contributes towards generating greater consumer satisfaction market place (Giannini, 2011). Alton Towers, which is the UKs most favourite and number one theme park (BBC, 2015), has enjoyed good consumer trust for years. Alton Towers has always taken the health and safety of its guests very seriously and consequently it has the best health and safety records among all the theme parks in the UK (Layton, 2015). All its rides are subject to thorough safety assessments undertaken by specialist maintenance engineers in line with strict procedures (Layton, 2015). The company also undertakes training of its employees and conducts regular health and safety audits (Layton, 2015). It has an excellent first aid care service and an on-site responder team trained by West Midlands Ambulance Service (Layton, 2015). Result antly, the company delivers 12.6 million individual rides every season (Layton, 2015). However, the reputation of Alton Towers following the accident of its Smiler roller-coaster ride in June 2015 has been damaged significantly. The accident resulted in several people being seriously injured and led to the temporary closure of the theme park (BBC, 2015). The accident had an adverse effect on its trading at the beginning of an important summer season (Schram, 2015). The company estimated that its half-year profit is expected to drop between 43%-54% from last years  £87m to  £40m- £50m this year (Schram, 2015). The suspension of market activity across all the other visitors attractions owned by Merlin the owner of Alton Towers also had a strong negative impact on the sales (Schram, 2015). Public Relations Strategy In order to recover the damaged reputation of the brand, Alton Towers needs to deploy a public relations campaign to engage with the public rather than run a marketing campaign. Public relations campaign enable organisations to respond to a business challenges such as the one faced by Alton Towers in the aftermath of Smiler roller-coaster accident rather than simply produce favourable media coverage. Smith (2013) asserts that public relations theories primarily identify a four-phase process for devising and implementing a public relations campaign. Public relations theorists have summarised these as: (1) the RACE acronym (research, actions, communication and evaluation); (2) the ROPE acronym (research, objectives, planning, and evaluation); (3) and the RAISE acronym (research, action, implementation, strategy, evaluation) (Kendall, 1997; Hendrix and Hayes, 2010). All these theories revolve around the basic four-phase model which involves (1) analysing the environment, (2) identific ation of audiences and objectives, (3) development of a strategic approach and (4) development of the implementation plan (Smith, 2013). Smith (2013) has combined all these theories to offer a comprehensive strategic planning framework for public relations campaign comprising of the above four basic phases. It is as follows: Formative Research Analysing the situation Analysing the organisation Analysing the publics Strategy Establishing goals and objectives Formulating action and response strategies Developing the message strategy Tactics Selecting communication tactics Implementing the strategic plans Evaluating Research Evaluating the strategic plan (Smith, 2013 p.16) Formative Research In the above, the background of the company and the situation and its impact upon the image of the brand and its revenue has briefly analysed. Therefore, it is now imperative to analyse the publics or the stakeholders that are to be affected by the public relations campaign. The identification of the publics will enable the marketers to select a suitable channel of media to best engage the audience (Baines, et al. 2007). Publics are defined as a group of people having a common interest and values in a particular situation (Reddi, 2009). In public relations, publics are a group of persons, especially one that is interested in or affected by an action or an idea of an organisation (Reddi, 2009 p. 68). In this instance, publics comprise of all the active audience who are connected, however loosely, by some common concern which has consequences for Alton Towers (Hallahan, 2000; Reddi, 2009). Public relations theorists have identified a basic set of publics or stakeholders which are applicable to most organisations. For instance, Baines, et al (2007) have identified the following groups of publics: Employees Potential Employees Suppliers of goods Distributors Customers Financial markets Opinion leaders and formers The community Other publics Reddi (2009) has identified some additional groups as: Media public International public Friedman (2006) further adds the following stakeholders: Competitors Government, regulators and policy makers From these groups of publics, the main focus of Alton Towers public relations campaign should be the external stakeholders from the general population, such as the (1) community, (2) customers (individuals, companies, schools, etc.), (3) media public, (4) financial markets (including investors) (5) opinion leaders and formers (5) other publics such as those affected by the accident, and (6) government and policy makers. The reason behind this selection is that apart from the recent Smiler roller-coaster accident, Alton Towers has one of the best track record of ensuring safety and health which is presumably well recognised by the internal stakeholders such as employees, distributors, suppliers, etc. The current challenge pertains to regain the trust of external public within the wider population, which has been distorted by the increased focus of commentators on a single incident. In order to make the campaign most effective, Alton Towers should prioritise its publics if in case it is faced by the constraints of budgets and resources. Prioritising the public can help a company to run an effective campaign even within a tight budget (Baines, et al. 2007). The publics of Alton Towers can be prioritised through the power/interest matrix. Strategy The second phase of the public relations campaign relates to formulating objectives, actions and message strategy. Pople and Turnbull, (2012), state that effective objectives should be SMART that is, specific, measurable, achievable, resourced and time-based. Furthermore, these objectives can be cognitive, affective and/or conative (Lantos, 2010). Cognitive objectives are those that relate to creating awareness about something and encourage people to think. Affective objectives are those that shape the attitude, opinion or feeling of the publics about an issue. Conative objectives encourage the audiences to act in a certain way (Lantos, 2010) (see figure 1). Figure 1 (Source: Lantos, 2010 p. 503) In order to overcome the challenge pertaining to the reputation of Alton Towers, the company can combine a set of cognitive, affective and conative SMART objectives for its public relations campaign. These are as follows: To enhance the awareness of the health and safety measures undertaken by the company in the UK by May 2016 to achieve a 50% growth in sales in the following summer season This is a cognitive objective aimed at encouraging the target audience to be assured that a trip to Alton Towers is safe and that the company takes every measure humanly possible to avert any untoward incident Rebuild the trust of public in thrill rides at visitors attractions and theme. Change the attitude of at least 100,000 members of the publics by May, 2016. This is an affective objective aimed at regaining the trust of skeptical people in thrill rides and its safety standards at Alton Towers. To generate the positive feedback of at least 100,000 people about the support provided by Alton Towers to those affected and physically impaired by incidents at Alton Towers and built an Alton Towers Cares image in the eyes of public. This is a conative objective which will encourage the public to provide their feedback over different forms of social media regarding Alton Towers pledges to support those affected by its rides. The message strategy of Alton Towers should be to convey that it is most committed to ensuring safety and health of its guests and that is does not leave any stone unturned in this regard. Acknowledging that accidents do occur in even in the safest environments, the company is very sympathetic towards those affected by its operations in case of any untoward incident. Tactics Once the objectives, actions and message strategy has been finalised, the next step is to determine the tactics through which the public relations campaign will contact and convince the target audiences. This entails choosing the most appropriate channel of communication through which to contact each of the target public (Gregory, 2010). Gregory (2010) asserts that the set of tactics used in any public relations campaign should engage the right number of public and get the desired message across to them in a reasonable cost. Out of the many tactics identified in the literature, the ones related to media relations , customer relations, community relations, and government relations are most suitable to the current campaign. Media Relations Marketing communications literature identifies several tactics for communicating a brands message to its target audience. Within these tactics, the ones related to media relations include press and video releases (Fill, 2011). Alton Towers should prepare and distribute a press/video release showcasing the preparations it makes for safety and health, training provided to its staff in this regard and the readiness of the company to overcome any untoward incidences to establish that the resort is a safe place for visitors. This tactic will cover the cognitive aspect of Alton Towers public relations campaign. The company can also inform the general public through media regarding its pledges for the support of the affected people. Customer Relations For managing customer relations, Alton Towers can utilise marketing communication tactics such as advertising, internet, social networks, new letters, direct mail, and media relations tactics (Fill, 2011). Advertisements: Celebrities endorsement Alton Towers can engage with celebrities and opinion leaders to visit the resort and project their endorsement through advertisements over television and social media to make consumers feel that a trip to Alton Towers is safe for themselves and their families. Social Media Alton Towers can arrange for celebrities and opinion leaders to post their photos of visits to the resort over social media. This tactic will cover the affective aspect of Alton Towers public relations campaign. Community Relations For community relations, direct involvement is the most effective marketing communication tactics (Fill, 2011). Direct Involvement Alton Towers can invite groups from local communities such as companies, schools and institutions to visit the resort and directly observe its commitment to safety and health. It is important to engage these groups to regain their trust in Alton Towers safety measures because these group are often conduct risks assessments before making any bookings at resorts such as Alton Towers. Government Relations Messages can be communicated to governments through official publications such as background material, literature and group briefings (Fill, 2011). Alton Towers can publish reports and literature about its safety procedures and measures to avert incidents; publish inquiry reports to ascertain the causes on any incidents for any concerned government department and regulatory bodies to ensure transparency for its operations and compliance with industry standards. Evaluation The last phase of the public relations campaign relates to evaluation of the strategies and tactics employed in the campaign to determine whether the stated objectives have been achieved (Michaelson and Stacks, 2011; Smith, 2013). The provisions of the SMART objectives have already provided measures to assess the success of the strategies and tactics. The success of this current public relations campaign will be measured against the achievement of a 50% growth in sales in the upcoming summer season in the year 2016; a positive change in attitude of at least 100,000 visitors towards thrill rides during the same period, and receiving at least 100,000 positive feedback for the companys support efforts for the affected people over various forms of social media. Conclusion The above public relations campaign can be effective in rebuilding the companys damaged reputations in the eyes of public following the accident of Smiler roller-coaster ride in June 2015. This public relations campaign can work hand in glove with Alton Towers marketing efforts to regain its lost market share and levels of profitability. References Baines, P., Egan, J and Jefkins, F. (2007) Public Relations. Oxford: Routledge. BBC (2015). Alton Towers rollercoaster crash causes Merlin profit warning. Available from  http://www.bbc.com/news/business-33672357 Butterick, K (2011). Introducing Public Relations: Theory and Practice. London:Sage. Fill, C. (2011) Essentials of Marketing Communications, Harlow: FT Prentice Hall Friedman, A.L. and Miles, S. (2006). Stakeholders: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press Giannini, G. (2011). Marketing Public Relations. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley. Gregory, A. (2013). Planning and Managing Public Relations Campaigns: A Strategic Approach. London: Kogan Page Publisher Hallahan, K. (2000) Inactive Publics: The Forgotten Publics in Public Relations. Public Relations Review 26(4): 499-515 Hendrix, J. and Hayes, D. (2010). Public relations cases (8Th ed.). Belmont: Thomson Learning. Kendall, R. (1997). Public Relations Campaign Strategies. New York: Addison-Wesley. Lantos, G (2010). Consumer Behavior in Action. New York: M E Sharpe Layton, J (2015). Thirty accidents at Alton Towers in three years, figures reveal. Birmingham Mail. Available from  http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/thirty-accidents-alton-towers-three-9397443 Michaelson, D and Stacks, D. (2011). Standardization in public relations measurement and evaluation. Public Relations Journal, 5, 7-8. Pople, A. and Turnbull, S. (2012). Advertising and Public Relations. Pearson, Harlow. Reddi, N. (2009). Effective Public Relations and Media Strategy. New Dehli: PHI Learning. Schram, B (2015). Alton Towers crash: Smiler ride accident dents Merlins sales. International Business Times. Available from  http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/alton-towers-crash-smiler-ride-accident-dents-merlins-sales-1520075 Smith, R. (2013). Strategic Planning for Public Relations. New York: Routledge

Criminological Research Topics Aims And Rationale Social Work Essay

Criminological Research Topics Aims And Rationale Social Work Essay The case of Sabina Akthar is a tragic case, which shows negligence of the Crown Prosecution Service(CPS). Sabina Akthar and Malik Mannan had married through arrange marriage in Bangladesh. When Akthar found out that her husband had a mistress, problems occurred in their marriage. Akthar had faced domestic violence from her husband and as result made complaints to the police. Mannan was arrested and about a month later he was released on bail. Mannans bail conditions included clauses such as; he was not to contact his wife or visit her home. After Mannan had broken his bail conditions on several instances he was re-arrested. However on this occasion he was released without charge and also his bail order was dropped. After Mannan was released he carried on sending Akthar text messages in which he threatened to kill her. Few days after these messages Mannan had stabbed Akthar from her heart, which caused Akthars death. After the young womans death the Crown Prosecutions Service accepted that they were negligent in the way they have handled the case and apologised to Sabina Akthars family (Guardian 2009). The British Crime Surveys (BCS) measurement of the culture effect on domestic violence is different to the police statistics. According to statistics the culture effect on domestic violence plays an important role here. The aim of my research is to define how culture has an effect on domestic violence in the United Kingdom amongst the white ethnicity. Due to the experience I have gained through volunteering in the Coventry Refugee Centre I have gained knowledge about different countries and the cultures those countries have. In the United Kingdom victims of domestic violence are mainly women and children. For many women their home is where they suffer abuse at hands of somebody who is really close to them. Most victims of domestic violence face long term physical and psychological damages. The person who abuses them does not give them any chance to make their own decision; therefore after a while some victims believe that there is no way out of their sufferings and gives up on trying to escape. This research seeks to determine the impact of cultural effect on domestic violence in women and children in United Kingdom. Key literature Domestic violence also known and expressed as fie beating or intimate partner violence usually coexists with child abuse about half of the time (Hamel. J, Tonia L. Nicholls 2007). Husbands who beat their wives are much likely to apply for permanent residence for their undocumented wives than husbands who do not beat their wives. Therefore immigration status appears to be another way in which abusive husbands control their wives in the UK. Abusive husbands often threaten their wives with deportation if they do not comply with the husbands wishes. Frequently undocumented abused wives are afraid to cooperate with child protection authorities for fear that their husbands might retaliate by turning them into immigration authorities. Women who cooperate with investigations of child abuse and or domestic violence have unusually good access to legal permanent residency but they are unlikely to be aware of this. Battered immigrant women face several impediments to seeking protection and servi ces. These impediments including language barriers, negative perceptions of the law enforcement and legal system, fear of deportation, cultural and religious issues and discrimination (Gabriel 1994). When it comes to the culture effect on domestic violence Uganda has the highest crime rates of domestic violence, 41 % of women reported being beaten or physically harmed by their husbands. This can be related to the economic factors and conditions as well as different life styles and cultural variation in Uganda. According to the statistic the media has been considered one of many contributing factors in domestic violence. It has been criticized for its portrayal of violence in movies, television and printed form resulting in the desensitization of people with regard to their tolerance of violence. On the other hand the media has also been used as a modern communication tool in increasing public awareness of domestic violence and increasing support for ongoing research, funding education and prevention and treatment programs and support for improvement in the laws the criminal justice system and the public policy. The impact of income inequality and social structure may also create more domestic violence towards women. Mens unemployment or part time employment has been associated with increased rates of domestic violence. (Natalie, Sokoloff and Pratt 2005). Recent study found that unemployment was a significant predictor of violence. This suggests some men might perceive employment as a critical component of their masculine identity and resort to violence as an effort to regain lost status. Some studies report that middle class Asian women are more likely to experience domestic violence than white middle class women among some ethnic and racial minority groups are attributable in part to poverty. Some research has suggested that the discrepancy between employment and income places women at risk. When women earn more than men or have a higher education qualification and employment skills, many men feel psychologically threatened and some use violence to reassert power in their relationship. Many immigrants coming to England to find a better life to live for themselves and for their children but the barriers the immigrant face are really tremendous. New culture that they face as well as language barriers their husbands take advantage of this and start intimating their partners that their husbands may report their views to the UK immigrations service. Different countries and cultures may have their own values and attitudes toward a woman place family, marriage, sex roles and divorce and women may not notice that the domestic violence is against the law they may not know that they have the legal option to end the abusive relationship. Domestic violence can occur in families from all cultural and ethnic group and beliefs and intervention policies and practices in treating battered women should accommodate their diverse cultural backgrounds. The British Crime Survey statistics shows that one in five women has experienced domestic violence in their lifestyle and many of these women ended their relationship because of abusive relationship. . According to the survey shows that woman chose to stay in abusive relationship because of fear if the women attempts to leave they will be tracked down and beaten or killed because of this the most women think that any prison time would be temporary and the subsequent and consequences even worse. Methodology My research approach will reflect a subjectivism. I believe this perspective is most appropriate for my investigation because people got their own ideas and it will be in subjectivism way the result that I will get in the end it will not be based on one interview. My methodology will be based on interviews, qualitative, subjectivism and interpretivism. Every interview that I will do will have different view and different ideas in it. I will be dealing with human views rather than materials. In order to finish my dissertation I need to understand how women are expected to behave within different cultures, believes and religions. For example as I have spent two years at the Coventry Refugee Centre as an interpreter and a case worker this has given me a good knowledge about diverse people and I understand their opinions and feelings. Therefore I believe the experience that I have gained within that work environment will be very helpful to me while I am conducting my interviews. To update my literal review I will also use secondary data. As my secondary data resources I will use books and contemporary articles. This will enable me to widen my knowledge and understanding of the general theory aspects on culture effect on domestic violence. I will also get some help from the Coventry Refugee Centre by going on their websites and also by speak to them face to face when needed. This secondary data will help me to design the interview questions in order to get the best answers. For my research I will also do face to face semi-structured interviews to understand the effect of culture on domestic violence. I will also use internet searches. I have applied to volunteer within the victim support scheme. I am hoping that the experience I will gain from this work placement will give me the opportunity to find out more information about victims of domestic violence which will help to finish my dissertation. I will do some interpretivisim to assess the meaning of domestic violence. This will provide me a good feedback about the domestic violence and the trust in the police and Criminal Justice System. These questioners will provide me some quantitative data. In order to get answers that are representative and non-biased these questioners will be given to randomly selected women. The qualitative result that I have gained from the interviews will be used in two ways. First of all I will compare them to the secondary data which is the theory aspect of the research. Secondly I will compare the questionnaire results (practice). Through comparing these data I will examine the views on domestic violence. As the results that are gained through the interviews will be qualitative, which means these statistics will give me an opportunity to analyses the results in order to create some charts, graphs and pies. As I worked as an interpreter and a case worker at the Coventry Refugee Centre it is easy for me to access into the centre and get the support that I need. I have decided to choose my participant through my work experience place, because my topic is based on culture effect on domestic violence and there are many women who been victims of domestic violence in their home countries. I will hopefully do my interview at the Refugee centre and I will inform my participa nts that everything that they say throughout the interview will be confidential and that no one will be allowed to see the answers that they have given in the questionnaires. However there are some difficulties to do this interview for example some of the participants may not speak English. Therefore I will also try to arrange an interpreter for them where needed in order to finish my research proposal. Ethnical issues Researching about domestic violence is not easy. While I am doing my research there are several ethical issues which I need to pay close attention to not to cause further distress to the participants. For example some question may cause distress to participants if they are asked in a certain way. Therefore I will need to design my questions in a way which my participants will not feel uncomfortable to answer them. Conducting a research on domestic violence might be a stressful investigation. This is because the topic is a very sensitive topic as it is not psychologically easy for people to talk about their tragic experiences. Therefore this study might cause potential or further pain and harm to the individual who have or still experiencing abuse by reminding them events that they do not wish to remember. It may also expose incriminating information and expose individual to risk. Consequently I need to be fully prepared to deal with the likely effects of the research. For example the effects of my research on participants on their families and on the researchers themselves (conduction such research may be distressing) may be defeated by a debriefing session at the end of the research. In this debriefing session participants will be able to speak to professional psychiatrists about their experience within the research. During this session participants can discuss any particular concerns they have about the research. Another example of a sensitive issue is false memory and recovered memory. This is a debate which has been going on over the past 20 years. A famous memory psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has written about the validity of recovered memories of childhood abuse. According o Loftuss studies these memories commonly come to light only after therapeutic sessions with people who use techniques such as guided imagery to explore early life experience. This domestic violence research is socially sensitive because there are potential consequences for people who have claimed to have recovered memories and for their families. Therefore to complete my research I need to consider including some ethnical guidelines document. I will sign this document and included in my proposal to state that I have tried to deal with ethical issues as best as I could. Also the questions that I will ask during the interview have to be approved by my tutor. I will also ask my participants to sign a consent form which will state that the interviews done are totally confidentially and that they are willing to take part in this research. Data that will be collected through the interviews will be confidential therefore I will be keeping this data with me at all times until my research is complete and I will not let anyone else to see it. I will be dealing with woman with cultural views, being sensitive to other cultures is easier said than done. Cultural sensitivity has nothing to with the art and music of a culture and almost everything to do with respect, shared decision making and effective communication. Too often researches ignore these values, the life style and the cognitive and affective world of the subject. soz jus on the phone to ma man. bu ma cwk is on my laptop n im on my pc bu jus write bou wha research method u gna use like for mine im doin case stdies n interviews n lyk u gta say whether u gna use qualitative method or quantitative methods n why u using those methods das it reallyysoz jus on the phone to ma man. bu ma cwk is on my laptop n im on my pc bu jus write bou wha research method u gna use like for mine im doin case stdies n interviews n lyk u gta say whether u gna use qualitative method or quantitative methods n why u using those methods das it really Reflection I have learnt too many things about the research method and technique that are used in it. Having completed this research that is based on culture effect on domestic violence improved my argument skills in a paper. Through using and collecting data and with example of statistics my arguments have become much better than how it was used to be. My researching skills also improved in a positive way during this research proposal. In previous researches for my study I used to get stuck on how to gather information but now I am able to use largely different resources I can now understand the topic more widely and it also helps me to make a better argument. In my opinion this research is my best research paper that I have done in my life. The grade that I will get for it might not show a good grade but what I learned from it will benefit me for my future researches. I spent about two days just for doing the actual research. It will be useful for the next year when it come to the dissertation by using these new techniques that I have learnt from this research proposal, hopefully then I will be able to put my points across more effectively and clearly. How to write a research proposal will benefit me in future lessons in my life. Due to the experience that I have gained while preparing this proposal I will be able to give good exa mples about the topics that I will be preparing a proposal for in my future academic life. I will also be able to give and create a better arguments and counter-arguments in my future research proposal. To do my dissertation I have to stay focus on my chosen topic in order to complete it by using different skills that I have learned from this research proposal.

World Studies Definitions :: essays research papers

1. Edison, Thomas Alva - 1847-1931, American inventor, b. Milan, Ohio. A genius in the practical application of scientific principles, Edison was one of the greatest and most productive inventors of his time, but his formal schooling was limited to three months in Port Huron, Mich., in 1854. For several years he was a newsboy on the Grand Trunk RR, and it was during this period that he began to suffer from deafness, which was to increase throughout his life. He later worked as a telegraph operator in various cities. Edison's first inventions were the transmitter and receiver for the automatic telegraph. 2. Bell, Alexander Graham - 1847-1922, American scientist, inventor of the telephone, b. Edinburgh, Scotland, educated at the Univ. of Edinburgh and University College, London; son of Alexander Melville Bell. He worked in London with his father, whose system of visible speech he used in teaching the deaf to talk. In 1870 he went to Canada, and in 1871 he lectured, chiefly to teachers of the deaf, in Boston and other cities. During the next few years he conducted his own school of vocal physiology in Boston, lectured at Boston Univ., and worked on his inventions. His teaching methods were of lasting value in the improvement of education for the deaf. 3. Carnegie, Andrew - 1835-1919, American industrialist and philanthropist, b. Dunfermline, Scotland. His father, a weaver, found it increasingly difficult to get work in Scottish factories. In 1848 he brought his family to Allegheny (now Pittsburgh), Pa. Andrew first worked in a cotton mill as a bobbin boy, then advanced himself as a telegrapher, and became (1859) a superintendent for the Pennsylvania RR. He resigned (1865) his railroad position to give personal attention to the investments he had made (1864) in iron manufactures. 4. John Davison Rockefeller - 1874-1960, b. Cleveland, grad. Brown, 1897 took over active management of his father's interests in 1911 and engaged in numerous philanthropies. Riverside Church in New York City was built through his gifts. He also gave vast sums for religious projects, for scientific investigation, and for the restoration of historic monuments. Among his most notable philanthropies were the restoration of colonial Williamsburg, Va., and the donation of the site for the United Nations headquarters in New York City. He founded (1931) and helped plan Rockefeller Center in New York City, which the Rockefeller interests, completed in 1939. 5. Gompers, Samuel - 1850-1924, American labor leader, b.

Cadmium :: essays research papers fc

Cadmium, symbol, Cd, is a silvery white metallic chemical element with a faint blue tinge to it. It is the fifty-seventh most commonly found element in the earth. It was discovered by F. Stromeyer, in 1817, in Germany. Stromeyer was studying a sample of zinc carbonate which separated into a the new element ultimately called cadmium. The only cadmium materials, greenockite (cadmium sulfide) and otavile (cadmium carbonate) are found in zinc oxide and zinc carbonate. Cadmium, which is usually associated with zinc has some differences; some of which are that cadmium is softer and has a lower melting and boiling point than zinc. There are five basic states of cadmium. First, there is the regular raw metal cadmium. Then there is cadmium oxide which is formed by burning the raw metal in the air producing brown smoke. Cadmium oxide can also be formed by heating cadmium carbonate in acid or ammonia producing a brown powder. By doing this, cadmium and oxygen are being mixed. Cadmium carbonate is made by absorbing carbon dioxide into the raw metal or mixing cadmium salts with ammonium carbonate, forming a salt-like substance. Cadmium sulfide is made by mixing hydrogen sulfide with a solution of cadmium ions, resulting in a range of colors from lemon yellow to a deep red. Cadmium halides are compounds with complex cadmium ions in them to form varied structure solutions. The regular structure of a cadmium atom is that it has four electron shells with a total of 48 electrons in it. The main use for cadmium is to plate iron, steel and other metals, protecting them from corrosion. This method has been used since 1919. The use of cadmium has to be limited because it gives off large numbers of toxins into the environment. The use of cadmium has gradually decreased in order to help the environment. It is not used to plate food processing parts or ovens because of this. Cadmium may be found in some cereals, nuts and vegetables, but scientists doubt that, if taken is small quantities, it would prove harmful. Cadmium is also used for nickel-cadmium batteries and nuclear control rods. It is used in compounds, for example, with copper to harden them. Since the color of cadmium sulfide varies it is useful for

Heart of Darkness Significance Essay

1971. The significance of a title such as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is so easy to discover. However, in other works (for example, Measure for Measure) the full significance of the title becomes apparent to the reader only gradually. Choose two works and show how the significance of their respective titles is developed through the authors’ use of devices such as contrast, repetition, allusion, and point of view. 1976. The conflict created when the will of an individual opposes the will of the majority is the recurring theme of many novels, plays, and essays. Select the work of an essayist who is in opposition to his or her society; or from a work of recognized literary merit, select a fictional character who is in opposition to his or her society. In a critical essay, analyze the conflict and discuss the moral and ethical implications for both the individual and the society. Do not summarize the plot or action of the work you choose. 1991. Many plays and novels use contrasting places (for example, two countries, two cities or towns, two houses, or the land and the sea) to represent opposed forces or ideas that are central to the meaning of the work. Choose a novel or play that contrasts two such places. Write an essay explaining how the places differ, what each place represents, and how their contrast contributes to the meaning of the work. 1994. In some works of literature, a character who appears briefly, or does not appear at all, is a significant presence. Choose a novel or play of literary merit and write an essay in which you show how such a character functions in the work. You may wish to discuss how the character affects action, theme, or the development of other characters. Avoid plot summary. 1996. The British novelist Fay Weldon offers this observation about happy endings. â€Å"The writers, I do believe, who get the best and most lasting response from their readers are the writers who offer a happy ending through moral development. By a happy ending, I do not mean mere fortunate events — a marriage or a last minute rescue from death — but some kind of spiritual reassessment or moral reconciliation, even with the self, even at death.† Choose a novel or play that has the kind of ending Weldon describes. In a well-written essay, identify the â€Å"spiritual reassessment or moral reconciliation† evident in the ending and explain its significance in the work as a whole. 1999. The eighteenth-century British novelist Laurence Sterne wrote, â€Å"No body, but he who has felt it, can conceive what a plaguing thing it is to have a man’s mind torn asunder by two projects of equal strength, both obstinately pulling in a contrary direction at the same time.† From a novel or play choose a character (not necessarily the protagonist) whose mind is pulled in conflicting directions by two compelling desires, ambitions, obligations, or influences. Then, in a well-organized essay, identify each of the two conflicting forces and explain how this conflict with one character illuminates the meaning of the work as a whole. You may use one of the novels or plays listed below or another novel or work of similar literary quality. 2000. Many works of literature not readily identified with the mystery or detective story genre nonetheless involve the investigation of a mystery. In these works, the solution to the mystery may be less important than the knowledge gained in the process of its investigation. Choose a novel or play in which one or more of the characters confront a mystery. Then write an essay in which you identify the mystery and explain how the investigation illuminates the meaning of the work as a whole. Do not merely summarize the plot. 2001. One definition of madness is â€Å"mental delusion or the eccentric behavior arising from it.† But Emily Dickinson wrote Much madness is divinest Sense- To a discerning Eye- Novelists and playwrights have often seen madness with a â€Å"discerning Eye.† Select a novel or play in which a character’s apparent madness or irrational behavior plays an important role. Then write a well-organized essay in which you explain what this delusion or eccentric behavior consists of and how it might be judged reasonable. Explain the significance of the â€Å"madness† to the work as a whole. Do not merely summarize the plot. 2002. Morally ambiguous characters — characters whose behavior discourages readers from identifying them as purely evil or purely good — are at the heart of many works of literature. Choose a novel or play in which a morally ambiguous character plays a pivotal role. Then write an essay in which you explain how the character can be viewed as morally ambiguous and why his or her moral ambiguity is significant to the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. 2002, Form B. Often in literature, a character’s succ ess in achieving goals depends on keeping a secret and divulging it only at the right moment, if at all. Choose a novel or play of literary merit that requires a character to keep a secret. In a well-organized essay, briefly explain the necessity for secrecy and how the character’s choice to reveal or keep the secret affects the plot and contributes to the meaning of the work as a whole. You may select a work from the list below, or you may choose another work of recognized literary merit suitable to the topic. Do NOT write about a short story, poem, or film. 2003. According to critic Northrop Frye, â€Å"Tragic heroes are so much the highest points in their human landscape that they seem the inevitable conductors of the power about them, great trees more likely to be struck by lightning than a clump of grass. Conductors may of course be instruments as well as victims of the divisive lightning.† Select a novel or play in which a tragic figure functions as an instrument of the suffering of others. Then write an essay in which you explain how the suffering brought upon others by that figure contributes to the tragic vision of the work as a whole. 2003, Form B. Novels and plays often depict characters caught between colliding cultures — national, regional, ethnic, religious, institutional. Such collisions can call a character’s sense of identity into question. Select a novel or play in which a character responds to such a cultural collison. Then write a well-organized essay in which you describe the character’s response and explain its relevance to the work as a whole. 2004. Critic Roland Barthes has said, â€Å"Literature is the question minus the answer.† Choose a novel, or play, and, considering Barthes’ observation, write an essay in which you analyze a central question the work raises and the extent to which it offers answers. Explain how the author’s treatment of this question affects your understanding of the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. 2004, Form B. The most important themes in literature are sometimes developed in scenes in which a death or deaths take place. Choose a novel or play and write a well-organized essay in which you show how a specific death scene helps to illuminate the meaning of the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary.

Multiple Perspectives vs. Single Perspective Approach Essay

The focus of my paper is going to be Pluralism, Monism and Interdisciplinarity in the context of a multiple perspective approach. I will discuss the advantages of taking a multiple perspective approach of viewing things which are, Pluralism and Interdisciplinarity, as opposed to a single perspective approach, which is Monism. Pluralism can be used as the term to define the integration of different values and cultures within a given society. Monism, (comes from a Greek word Monos meaning one) is defined as â€Å"any philosophy that denies that there are many separate beings in the universe† and instead looks at a unified one (James and McDonald). Interdisciplinarity looks at different disciplines, the combination of which can help create something new and different. I agree with both Berlin and Moran that it is better to take a multiple perspective approach. Though people may dismiss multiple perspective approach, I believe that Pluralism is a response to Monism and Interdisciplinarity, being the advancement of knowledge into something better and new in the context of the disciplines that have long become outdated and old fashion and which gave rise to other disciplines. Both Pluralism and Interdisciplinarity are a multiple perspective approach of looking at things. Pluralism as a response to Monism: Monism as defined earlier in the paper is a view of looking at the universe as a unified whole, meaning that it is a singular way of looking at things as opposed to pluralism which looks at things in different ways, the multiple perspective approach. The reason why I agree that it is better to have a multiple way of looking at things is because, as the world keeps changing, societies too change and evolve. New innovations are made, ideas and ideals change and therefore, we cannot have a single outlook on things. People come up with different views, ideas and have their own interpretations to what they believe in and/or agree with. Berlin states â€Å"there is a plurality of ideals, as there is a plurality of cultures and of temperaments† (11). This means that Pluralism is having multiple values, perspectives that people can value more than one thing. Different people have different values and we may not always believe in or agree to them but there is an understanding of why we as human beings, pursuit what we believe in and we may therefore, have some values that are similar. People may have different cultures that they follow and those that are important to them, but this does not mean that they are not aware of or respect other cultures. Monism is the belief that only one set of values is true and the rest being false. This is not true and that is why it is better to have a pluralistic approach as opposed to believing in those who think they know how societies should be arranged or who know what the ways of living should be. Today we are living in a pluralistic society where people around the globe share their knowledge and expertise with each other. The advantage of pluralism is the diversity of cultures which give the freedom of communication between people of different cultures and backgrounds, who come together and work together have the liberty to follow what they believe in as opposed to following those who are in authority and those who think they know it all. Berlin sates, â€Å"true knowledge is knowledge of why things are as they are, not merely what they are† (7). In this day and time, globally, we are seeing a new era emerging where nations that had accepted dictatorship as gospel, are now rebelling and voicing their opinions and liberating their nations. Interdisciplinarity – a multiple perspective approach: Joe Moran defines Interdisciplinarity as â€Å"any form of dialogue or interaction between two or more disciplines† (16). In my opinion what it means is that Interdisciplinarity is the transformation and the organization of knowledge into something new within the context of the disciplines that were already existent but have become obsolete. He points out three main aspects that explain really well the concept of Interdisciplinarity and what it actually does and how it has helped society evolve and transform knowledge for what it was then and what it became. Moran mentions bureaucratization, professionalization and specialization (Berlin, 12). Bureaucratization means a formation of a set of rules and regulations that need to be followed. It can be said that this is similar to what the monists believed about the people who are in controlled and need to be followed but he also talks about professionalization where a pastime is turned into a profession an also specialization sepa ration of areas into discrete areas of concentration. Professionalization and specialization are a contradiction to what the monists believed in because this leads to a freedom of what people were able to do and they managed to transform knowledge into something more substantial than just following rules and regulations that would not allow them to change their ways of thinking as people who had the knowledge were to control and were the ones to be followed. Interdisciplinarity gave rise to different disciplines within the framework of a university where students were given the opportunity to learn more and gain new knowledge and that knowledge was not only limited to a few people. We can say that, Interdisciplinarity is a multiple perspective approach of looking at things, in this context the disciplines that were obsolete and that gave way to the rise of knowledge that was transformed into something new. With this came the rise of natural sciences, social sciences and the humanities that became disciplines in their own because of the different cultures and value systems that are embodied within these disciplines and not just one set of discipline that was to be followed. I conclude by agreeing with both Berlin and Moran that taking a multiple perspective approach of looking at the world and viewing things with different ideas is better than to have a single view of things. This is because a multiple perspective approach brings together different ideas from different mind sets which are more beneficial than ideas of just one person who is in control and who looks down upon people as his inferiors. Today, technology has advanced to an extent that we can get information on our finger tips by just using the internet. Social media such as Facebook and Twitter are the means of communication between people around the world and are much faster as opposed to the old days when the use of telegrams was the norm. News travels fast through these social media outlets than by watching television, or listening to news on the radio or reading newspapers. This is possible due to the fact that multiple perspective approach has allowed different mind sets to come up with and share these innovative ideas. References Berlin, Isaiah. â€Å"My Intellectual Path.† The Power of Ideas. New Jersey: Princeton University Pres, 2002. 5-7, 11-14. Print. â€Å"Monism and Pluralism.† Hugh James Francis Joseph McDonald. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. . Moran, Joe. â€Å"Introduction.† Interdisciplinarity. London: Routledge, 2001. 1-18. Print.