Essay about puritanism - 1242 Words

The Puritans dream was to create a model society for the rest of the Christians.. Their goal was to make a society in every way connected to god. Every aspect of their lives, from political views and employment to recreation and dress, was taken into account in order to live a more pious life. But to really understand what the aspirations of the puritans were, we must first understand their beliefs. The Puritans believed that a man’s only purpose in life was â€Å"to glorify God on earth and, if he were especially fortunate, to continue the good work in Heaven.† For the puritans, to glorify god meant keeping him in mind at all times, working to the best of their ability at whatever job god had had set fate for them to do, and following a†¦show more content†¦The Puritans goal in New England was to create the perfect pure society where nobody sinned and God ruled completely. They attempted this by making laws about and regulating every aspect of life in the colo ny. To achieve this, the church needed to rule the colony. And if the church ruled the colony, only the real Puritans could be part of the church. They believed only a minority of the population pure enough to be a part of the church. In reality very few people were ever able to give enough evidence that they had completed their part. As a result, two-thirds of the population failed to qualify as church members. The Puritans enacted many laws to keep the non-Puritans living religious lives. They created an official whose only job was to check up on ten families daily to see if anything out of the ordinary was happening and to make sure everyone who was able went to church. Their idea was that everybody, even if they weren’t part of the church, should be very religious. Therefore they created their laws with principles based on the Old Testament. They dreamed of a society where everybody followed the laws and lived a peaceful, god-fearing existence. To make this dream realizab le, the Puritans created severe penalties for breaking the laws. These ranged from whipping and being thrown in the stocks for minor offenses, to banishment and death by hanging for serious ones. To be a good Puritan one had to work hard allShow MoreRelatedThe Existence Of Religion Of Puritanism1770 Words   |  8 Pageseighteenth centuries was home to the religion of Puritanism. Many writers of the period were Puritan and produced large quantities of religious poetry. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Puritan poetry was primarily written with the purpose of converting people to Puritanism, and used death as the primary device in motivating people to convert. Before addressing the primary topic of Puritan poetry and its primary purpose of converting people to Puritanism, it is prevalent to address some factorsRead MorePuritanism And Its Negative Portrayal Of The Body1641 Words   |  7 PagesPuritanism: Resisting The Body’s Temptations Puritanism has been a strong influence on American Literature and it still is to this day. Puritans have shaped our culture immensely with their art that represents their beliefs so clearly. One of the most fascinating things we have come to learn about the Puritans is the constant battle they faced each day. Puritans struggled to stay true to their religion due to everyday temptations. One of the biggest temptations would be The Body. We can identifyRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown: The Evils of Puritanism Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesPuritanism dominated 17th century history and literature. Nathaniel Hawthorne born in 1804 was an American writer who sought to resolve his conflicts with Puritanism through his writing. Hawthorne wrote several stories showing the world the horrors of the Puritan faith and the isolation of individuals who failed to uphold the faith. For Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown illustrates the difference between Puritan teaching and practicing and reflects his ow n guilt about the mistreatment of men at theRead MoreDiffering Views Of Puritanism : Bradstreet Vs. Taylor2044 Words   |  9 PagesFedor 1 Differing Views of Puritanism: Bradstreet vs. Taylor When the Puritans came to America in the 1600s, they brought many aspects of their lives with them, including their beliefs in modesty, hard work, and religious devotion. Their strong values in religion were a constant part of their everyday life and were a big feature of their society. Even though they were urged to suppress their feelings and fully devote themselves to God, some Puritans had struggles with this, and used poetry toRead MoreHow Far Was James Successful in Dealing with the Problems Presented by Puritanism in 1611-1625?954 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout James’ reign, religion, especially Puritanism was kept respectably under control, however incurring minor ‘hiccups’ along the way. James was indifferent to religious prejudice and aimed to please both Catholics and protestants; introducing the Jacobean compromise. Before 1611 when Abbot succeeded Bancroft (previous archbishop), there were many glitches concerning the puritans including the Millen ary Petition, Hampton Court Conference and Bancroft’s Cannons which caused mild uproar amongRead MoreThe American Dream: Colonial Period2656 Words   |  11 PagesAmerica today. The writings from the Colonial Period helped lead a movement of the Puritan faith away from the Church of England. The writing of the American Puritanism was one of the most influential religious movements of the 1600s, spurred by the writings of authors like Jonathan Edwards and Mary Rowlandson. The writing of the American Puritanism movement were led by the movement of the puritan’s rebellion against the Church of England (Lawson). Works from the Colonial Literary period aided the developmentRead MoreThe On The Hands Of An Angry God1056 Words   |  5 Pages Edwards, a puritan preachers from the eighteenth century, uses his words as scare tactics to persuade the listener to repent. This would be considered similar to the hellfire and brimstone preachers of today. This is one of the lasting effects puritanism has left on America. Although the ideology of the puritans has lost its favor in society, and its hold is slowly loosening. This can be seen in politics, churches, and society as a whole. Edwards would not be pleased with this. The thought of himRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1026 Words   |  5 Pagesgave a discourse of his own views on how people act and how hypocrisy can be deadly. By writing The Scarlet Letter and integrating the symbols of Pearl, various settings, and the red A of Hester and Reverend Dimmesdale, Hawthorne shone a light on Puritanism as a judgmental, negative way of life and with excessive punishment for sin. Read More Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown - The Puritans and Love Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pagesnecessity, that is, they saw physical love (between a man and a woman, or sexuality and all it carries with it) as such. The emotional turmoil affecting Goodman Brown clearly expresses this. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The problem we find in this story, and in puritanism, is that it presents contrasting views of love. Attachment to earthly possessions, to other people in fact, is discouraged, because everything physical leads to temptation and damnation, and ultimately hell, while the road to salvation of the individualRead MoreForced to Choose Between Morals and Society in The Puritan Dilemma by Edmund S. Morgan600 Words   |  3 Pagesless risky than being associated with the church of the old world. In Morgans Puritan Dilemma, Puritans actually somewhat provided opportunity for the British population in the early American history. They established a purely religious society. Puritanism created both loyal supporters and critics. In most peoples opinions in the world now days, we may believe that puritans were evil brainwashing crazy people but I do have an open mind and I could somewhat agreement with the things they have done

Essay Being Culturally Responsive While Teaching Dance

Dance the vision and make it plain, Habakkuk 2: 23, Ezekiel 33:7. Equal educational opportunity to all students means that teachers and schools promote the full development of students as individuals, without regard for race, ethnicity, gender, abilities, and disabilities. (Parkay Stanford, Chapter 2) According to the article Educating/Fostering Culturally Responsive Teachers, it addresses issues of concern in the preparation of teachers, who will be expected to teach students from diverse backgrounds in a culturally responsive and educationally healthy way. The use of Standards as a framework provided specific indicators for determining the enhanced knowledge and skills those culturally responsive teachers needs in order to†¦show more content†¦On the contrary, Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, informs us about the teacher-student relationship in/outside of school; relationship of subject (teacher) and patient and listening objects (student). Culturally Responsive Teaching is Empowering- enables students to be better human beings and more successful learners. Empowerment can be described as academic competence, self-efficacy, and initiative. Culturally Responsive Teaching is Transformative- respecting the cultures and experiences of various groups and then uses these as resources for teaching and learning. In contrast, Freire repeatedly, speaks about transformations- transforming structure, the world, the way language is used, and the relations between people. Thus, Becoming A Teacher, by Forrest Parkay and Beverly Stanford connects to being culturally responsive teachers through basic knowledge. In chapter 2, Learning to Teach, is based on the knowledge. Teachers need three kinds of knowledge: (1) knowledge of self and students- the ability to understand themselves students, and know students aptitudes, talents, learning styles, stage of development, and readiness to learn material, (2) knowledge of subject- is to modify strategies based upon students perception of content. In teaching a subject area, teachers should use analogies, metaphors, experiments, demonstrations and illustrations. (3) Knowledge of educational theory and research- enables teachers toShow MoreRelatedMore Zumba, Less Childhood Obesity1489 Words   |  6 Pagesof daily physical activity, and even culture. Zumba is a dance fitness class that was designed to combine fun and energy to help people feel amazing. Zumba has progressed into a worldwide phenomenon (Classes). 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As a mother, I feltRead MoreIntegration Of Creative Movement And Dance Into The General Education Classroom4523 Words   |  19 PagesIntegration of Creative Movement and Dance into the General Education Classroom: A Robust Approach Jessica Stabler Lesley University Graduate School of Education EARARTS Professor May 16, 2017 INTEGRATION OF CREATIVE MOVEMENT 2 Introduction Dance and creative movement in the classroom are robust teaching tools that ensure students retain and think critically about academic content. â€Å"Creative dance has the potential to open up new worlds for†¦students† (Gilbert p. 3). Incorporating movementRead MoreCultural Competency Definitions8081 Words   |  33 Pagesand what are the implications for nursing practice with Aboriginal peoples? 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Stakeholders Quality Assurance In Education â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Stakeholders Quality Assurance In Education? Answer: Introduction BHP Billiton is a pioneer in the field of commodities and has maintained a strong position in the market owing to the performance. It has maintained A rating and that is due to the performance. The main aim of the report is to shed light on the performance of the company and to highlight the accounting policies followed by the company. The report assesses the accounting policies and evaluates the accounting policies. Further, the accounting strategies are discussed along with the quality of disclosure. The red flag is highlighted whereby the flouts or deficiency of the organization is highlighted. It ends up with the discussion of the conceptual framework. Evaluation of accounting policies and estimates In relation to BHP Billiton, it can be seen that the preparation of financial statements requires its management to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that can influence a number of liabilities, income, expenses, and assets. The group has recognized the following accounting policies wherein significant estimates or assumptions can be made, and where the actual outcomes may vary from such estimates under distinct scenarios, thereby materially influencing the financial position as a whole. In relation to inventories, the same is valued at net realizable value or cost (BHP Billiton, 2015). Further, such costs are ascertained on the basis of average costs. Its major rivals Rio Tinto also utilize this same inventory accounting policy. It also values its inventories at lower of net realizable value or cost heavily on a weighted cost basis. Secondly, in relation to the depreciation accounting policy of the company, it can be seen that the carrying values of BHPs property, plant, and equipment are depreciated to their estimated remaining value over the residual value of leftover concerned specific assets. Such estimates of useful lives and residual values are evaluated annually and any variation is taken into consideration for ascertaining the remaining charges of depreciation. To compare BHPs depreciation policy within its industry, it can be seen that Rio Tinto also depreciates its PPE over their remaining life or useful life and there is no other substitute methodology in relation to the same. Besides, such residual values and useful lives for the material assets of Rio have assessed annually and changes (if any) are depicted prospectively. In addition, the major categories of PPE of both companies are depreciated on a unit of production or a straight-line basis by using their respective estimated lives. In relation to the amortization of goodwill, it can be seen from the financials of BHP Billiton that goodwill is viewed in business combination wherein the company expands an interest in such business combination over their respective fair values. Moreover, in relation to the business combination of BHP Billiton, goodwill is believed to have an indefinite lifetime and hence, cannot be amortized (BHP Billiton, 2015). Further, the goodwill of the company is evaluated annually for a possible impairment. Similarly, in contrast to this, the goodwill of Rio Tinto is also annually examined for impairment or more frequently if alterations or events in circumstances signify a potential impairment. Further, in relation to the estimation of reserves, both companies undertake the same by relying on the information offered by competent persons as management under the Australian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results. Therefore, all these accounting policies and estimates of BHP possess a flexibility to give proper details regarding their affairs and the users can extract relevant information from the same to make decisions. Besides, the company believes that it is able to mold its policies and estimates based on market fluctuations and user requirements as a whole (Landsman et. al, 2011). This assures the fact that the company is not concealing material facts from its annual reports and therefore, the strategies are not hideous in nature. However, there are some questionable items witnessed in the financial statements of the company. It can be seen that the gross profit of the company has been constantly declining from 2012 until the year 2016. This shows that the company is not performing well even though it portrays that its affairs are unmatchable. Besides, the company has not depicted any gain from the sale of assets in the past years, which is not true because, in 2014, the company has sold its pinto valley operations that must have fetched some gain. This means that the company is only trying to sell such business parts to improve its EBITDA amounts. Evaluation of accounting quality Previously accounting was well defined as a non-political subject, however, with the due passage of time; it has become political in nature. Moreover, various pressure influences the accounting standard environment. The figures that are provided by the accountant have a strong bearing on the economic aspect. Therefore, the rules of accounting have a bearing on the human behavior. The message conveyed by the BHP report stresses that annual report can make or break the expectations of the investor and thereby have the power to influence innumerable. It is the nature of the interested parties to have a track of the safety of the financial score. Therefore, the process is determined as political in nature. As per Horngreen (2013), the accounting standard setting can be said to be a product comprising of actions that are political in nature like the logic that is flawless or findings of an empirical nature. This can be cited due to the fact that social decision is defined by the standards. As a matter of fact, standards levy pressure on restrictions and hence needs to be accepted by the parties those are affected. Acceptance can be in the nature of voluntary or both. Getting acceptance can be said to be a complex process that needs marketing skills in the political arena (Harrison Colle, 2010). The regulation of disclosure can be described as the result of the political game or pressure that resides between the managers and the standard-setter. In every period a status quo is present that stress upon the standard of the past period. The standard-setter develops a new proposal for a regulation and the managers are able to take a decision strategically whether to deny the proposal (Bence Nadine, 2007). When a huge denial is faced it leads to failure of the proposal. Hence, the standard setter loses the grab over the agenda and the selection of the new regulation is done by the approval that is maximized over the status quo. The main result that can be garnered from BHP is that the political accountability does not always produce a standard-setter towards the maximization of the welfare regulations. When the organization selects any option or chooses a particular disclosure it influences the ones who are interested in the organization. Accounting choices can provide better exposure to the organization and hence, this will help the related parties and the stakeholders to get a better view of the organization (Leisyte Westerheijden, 2014). Selection of the correct policies leads to strong decision-making. Disclosures enable various parties to know about the strategy and the line of action of the company thereby leading to a better grasp of the matter. Identification of key accounting policies The major risk that arises from the operations of the Group consists of market, liquidity and credit risk. Such risks are present in the normal course of business and the Group carries on the operations in tune with the portfolio risk management strategy. The main aim of the strategy is to cushion the financial target of the group while safeguarding the financial security and flexibility by taking benefit of the process of diversification that is given by the scale, diversity, and flexibility of the operations of the group. Market risk The movement of the activities of the group makes it vulnerable to the risk that is consisted in interest rates, foreign currencies and prices of the commodities. As per the strategy, the group seeks to attain financing costs, the impact of the currency and the prices of the commodity that happens at index basis. Such a strategy or plan gives way to the difference in earnings that is measured as per CFaR structure. Activity Risk management process Mitigation of risk Hedging for the aim of reduction of risk or capital projects should be executed to cushion the strategic aims. The transactions that are having approved mandates should be executed Hedging (economic) sales, operation costs, etc Measurement and reporting of the exposure that is present in the customer commodity contract. Hedging derivatives should be executed so that an alignment is attained with the exposure of the group. The transaction should be done with financial instruments to snap value from the market that is perceived over other valuations. Exposure should be managed within VaR and stop loss limit. Transactions that are approved must be executed. The accounting policies are in tune with the goals of the organization and consistent with the previous year performance. The recognition of revenue is done when the title passes. When it comes to the concept of sales then the sale agreement provides a better view and the title moves on the date of the bill of lading (BHP Billiton, 2015). For various sales when the delivery of the goods is done then the title passes and revenue is taken into consideration. The accounting policies consist of the consolidation of BHP Billiton Limited, BHP Billiton Plc, and other subsidiaries. Evaluation of accounting flexibility The major drivers of profit for the company are its mineral servers and other extracts that corresponds to its majority of inventory. Furthermore, it can also be witnessed from the financial statements of the company that its inventory value can be easily altered by the company professionals for the benefit of the management, thereby offering them accounting flexibility as a whole. Furthermore, since the value of the companys reserves is also measured in terms of net realizable value per unit, an estimate of the market value of the ultimate product depicts some kind of flexibility in the valuation of inventories. In simple words, this accounting flexibility is easily open for distortion because this can influence the statement of income of the company by decreasing its expenses and depicting increased amounts of EBITDA that can easily influence or misguide the investors. Therefore, the managers have higher chances of manipulating such accounting strategy to misguide the investors and gain benefits from the same (BHP Billiton, 2015). On a whole, it is important that such flexibility must be minimized to a greater extent as possible because investors do not want to be fooled because of such flexibility and suffer losses as a whole. Evaluation of accounting strategy The accounting policies followed by the BHP are in compliance with the UK companies Act 2006 and other applicable UK Generally Accepted Accounting practices. It needs to be noted that the norms for accounting policies are the same as that of the peer and the competitor. The historical cost convention is into practice and that is followed, as well as applied on a regular basis (BHP Billiton, 2015). Earnings management happen when the manager uses their judgment in the process of financial reporting and to structure the transactions so that financial reports can be altered to mislead the stakeholders regarding the economic performance that is underlying to affect the outcome that is reported. Therefore, managers should provide greater incentives when it comes to the process of management of earnings as it will lead to better practices and any negative influence in the reporting can be avoided. As per the annual report of BHP, it can be noted that the policies and estimates are used on a consistent basis. There is no deflection of the policies as compared to the previous years. The rationale for doing so is that consistent policies help in structuring the reporting process. Moreover, the organization that follows a consistent approach has strong performance and stakeholders are able to get a better view of the organization (Nobes Parker, 2010). It is seen from the BHP policies that the transaction adheres to the policies and regulations framed by the accounting bodies. Hence, the transactions are not structured to provide result rather it adheres to the policies of the accounting bodies. For example, the cash dividend paid by BHP Billiton Limited is in tune to the equivalent cash dividend by BHP Billiton Plc in regard to the share of BHP Billiton Plc (Xi Holly, 2016). Assessment of the disclosure quality It can be seen from the financial statements of the company that Generally Accepted Accounting Principles have been properly adhered to by the company. Besides, KPMG Australia has also given their unqualified opinion upon the consolidated financial statements of BHP Billiton. In addition, it can also be witnessed that there is no departure and the financial figures correctly reflect the true position and performance of the company (Lai et. al, 2013). Furthermore, in relation to proper details regarding the businesses of the company, the company in Note 1 to its financial statements has undertaken proper and adequate segment reporting. Besides, underlying EBIT that is the major financial measures, which can be utilized to supervise the financial performance of the companys overall strategy, is also disclosed under such segment reporting. Moreover, such business and group level information are disclosed by the company on a statutory basis based on the International Financial Reporting Standards 8 (Operating Segments) requirements (BHP Billiton, 2015). The management also believes that the information provided through segments can play a key role in offering meaningful signs of the underlying performance of the companys assets. Therefore, in relation to segment disclosure, the company has provided appropriate and relevant details that can assist a user in taking proper decisions. Besides, the company in segment reporting section and other financial statements also disclose various footnotes as well. Such footnotes assist in providing more brief details about the disclosures so that more meaningful decisions can be made. The financial statements of the company have efficiently disclosed all major accounting policies adopted by it and the same is effectively depicted with the help of footnotes (BHP Billiton, 2015). Hence, both segment disclosures and footnotes are adequate in nature that has assisted the company in enhancing its reporting quality. Besides, other seg ments of the performance of the company are also properly disclosed with the help of footnotes and segments. Considering the above-mentioned explanations and analysis, it can be said that BHP Billitons disclosure strategy is adequate in nature and it does not lag behind when it comes to the provision of proper information to assist the stakeholders in decision-making. Moreover, the methods of GAAP principles undertaken by the company also plays a key role in reflecting its key measures of success that serves as the most significant concern for determining the ability of the company. On a whole, all the accounting policies are consistently disclosed in the financials of the company and these are surely compatible in comparison to its current performance (Hanlon et. al, 2014). However, the identification of red flags may come up as a genuine concern for the users and therefore, corrective actions can be taken to mitigate such issues and steps must be taken to minimize accounting flexibility to the managers so that they do not take undue advantage of the same. Potential Red Flags The shares of BHP Billiton plunged to a seven-year low on account of falling prices of commodity and the impact of the Brazil dam disaster. The shares dropped 5.64% on the ASX to $21.42 that is the lowest since the happening of the global financial crisis as it was announced that the iron ore output might be reduced owing to the disaster. The gross profit of the company saw a decline from 2012 to 2016. This indicates that the company did not perform as per its potential. Further, the major lacuna or the red flag can be witnessed from the fact that it did not project any gain from the assets sale in the past years. This is one of the gray areas because the company sold the operations of the pinto valley that would have provided profits. However, no projection was made. This means that BHP tried to enhance the amount of EBIDTA (Lai et. al, 2013). Further, BHP enhanced its production and profits without taking strengthening the dam walls that were built to combat lesser waste volume (Farrer, 2015). The company completely failed to take a decision in this regard whereby a technical report issues in 2013 highlighted that the dam was not stable. The nature of BHP triggers many tax obligations that include corporation tax, royalties other resources and taxes of production based. The cross-border feature of the group leads to high complexities that are linked to the international transfer pricing (Farrer, 2015). The tax legislation even creates complexities that are highly specialized in nature and needs high-quality judgment that quantifies the provision or contingent liabilities. Compliance with the requirements of conceptual framework It can be seen from the annual reports of BHP Billiton that the company has effectively adhered to the Australian Accounting Standards within its framework and it has complied with other qualitative characteristics of a conceptual framework to enhance the quality of its financial information. Moreover, compliance with the requirements of the conceptual framework has assisted the company in sustaining a strong position in the market despite the prevalence of strong competitors in the market such as Rio Tinto. In relation to materiality aspects, the company has adequately addressed the same by providing material information to the users of financial statements so that they are able to make proper decisions. Besides, in order to address such aspect, the company has efficiently complied with the ASX Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations within its framework. It also gives due consideration towards the provision of both financial and non-financial information as it believes that such details can allow users to make appropriate investment decisions (Hanlon et. al, 2014). Furthermore, in relation to faithful representation, it can be seen that the directors of the company ensure compliance with section 295A of the Corporations Act 2001 that they have disclosed every information truly and fairly. This means that based on the statement of directors, the financial information of the company presents a true and fair view of its operations. In relation to the fulfillment of relevance c oncept, the company has yet again adhered to the same by providing information associated with its greenhouse gas emissions that can altogether even influence its financial figures in a negative way. This assures the fact that the company gives due consideration towards the provision of information that even though can negatively affect its financials (Goodwin et. al, 2008). Further, for the compliance of reliability characteristic of the conceptual framework, the company has fulfilled the same by providing information that it is fully and entirely able to pay off all its debts in the future (as and when they become payable or due). With such assurance, investors can surely rely upon the financial figures of the company and thereafter, make relevant investment decisions from the same. The recent revision in the conceptual framework in order to address disparities in corporate reporting has also been taken into account by the company to enhance their reporting quality (Gibson, 2010). This recent revision is called the prudence concept of financial reporting. Nevertheless, in relation to BHP Billiton, it can be seen from its financial statements that its impairment events result in the write-down of the assets carrying value (Lapsley, 2012). The reason why this can be regarded as prudent in nature can be attributed to the fact that these can exceed the allotment of expenses of a non-current asset over its useful life. This plays a key role in highlighting various uncertainties related to future outcomes, thereby serving as a significant instrument or tool in attaining neutrality. On a whole, after analyzing these explanations, it can be easily stated that BHP Billiton is fully compliant with the requirements of the conceptual framework and it can, in turn, assist in enhancing its reporting quality and maximizing goodwill as a whole. Conclusion As per the discussion and the nature of activities of BHP Billiton it can be commented that the company follows the regulations and that the compliance is intact. The Group has effectively followed the conceptual framework and the regulations framed by the accounting bodies. The accounting strategy is in tune with the alignment of the performance of the organization. However, certain red flag is observed in the normal course of business by BHP that should have avoided as such activities deteriorate the performance and the goodwill. Owing to such activity, the shares of BHP plunged to a seven-year low. Overall, the company has high fundamentals that are evident by the performance and the trends in the past. References Bence, D Nadine, F (2012). The International Accounting Standards Boards Search for a General Purpose Accounting Model. Accessed September 23, 2017 from https://business.curtin.edu.au/files/bence-fry.pdf BHP Billiton. (2015). BHP Billiton Annual Report and accounts 2015. Accessed September 23, 2017 from https://www.bhpbilliton.com/~/media/bhp/documents/investors/annualreports/2015/bhpbillitonannualreport2015.pdf Brealey, R., Myers, S. Allen, F. (2011). Principles of corporate finance. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Connelley, Tripodi (2012) Aspects of leadership, Ethics, law and Spirituality, Marines Corps University Press Deegan, C. (2005). Australian Financial Accounting. McGraw Hill, Sydney. Edward Freeman, Moutchnik, Alexander (2013): Stakeholder management and CSR: questions and answers. Oxford Press Everingham, G.K., Kleynhans, J.E. and Posthumus, L.C. (2007). Principles of Generally Accepted Accounting Practice. Juta and Company Ltd. Farrer, M. (2015). BHP Billiton shares hit seven-year low after Brazil dam disaster. Accessed September 22, 2016 from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/nov/09/bhp-billiton-shares-hit-seven-year-low-after-brazil-dam-disaster Gibson, C. (2010). Financial Reporting and Analysis: Using Financial Accounting Information. Cengage Learning. Goodwin, J, Ahmed, K Heaney, R. (2008). The Effects of International Financial Reporting Standards on the Accounts and Accounting Quality of Australian Firms: A Retrospective Study. Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics, 4(2), 89-119. Hanlon, D, F. Navissi G Soepriyanto (2014). The value relevance of deferred tax attributed to asset revaluations. Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics, 10(2): 87-99. Harrison, W Colle, D. (2010). Stakeholder Theory, State of the Art. Cambridge University Press Horngren, C. (2013)Financial accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Lai, C, Lu, M Shan, Y. (2013). Has Australian financial reporting become more conservative over time?. Accounting Finance, 53, 731-761. Landsman, W. R, Maydew, E. L Thornock, J. R. (2011). The information content of annual earnings announcements and mandatory adoption of IFRS. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 53(2), 34-54. Lapsley, I. (2012). Commentary: Financial Accountability Management. Qualitative Research in Accounting Management. 9(3), 291-292. Leisyte, I Westerheijden, D.F. (2014). Stakeholders and Quality Assurance in Education. Oxford university Press. Meeks, G Swann, G.M. (2009). Accounting standards and the economics of standards, Accounting and Business Research. International Accounting Policy Forum, 39(3), 23-44 Nobes, C Parker, R. (2010). Comparative International Accounting. FT Prentice Hall. Xi, LiHolly I. Y. (2016). Mandatory Financial Reporting and Voluntary Disclosure: The Effect of Mandatory IFRS Adoption on Management Forecasts.The Accounting Review,91(3), 933-953.

Social Prejudice In Schools Essays - Special Education,

Social Prejudice In Schools Children from middle-class families generally are more successful in public schools than children from low-income families. Is the school system responsible for this problem, or is lower performance among low-income children a result of their home environment? The home environment has a big role in a childs education and if it is not supportive of the school environment, the student will not be as successful in school as the child whose home environment is supportive of the schools learning environment will. The typical public school teacher is a middle-class white female. The typical curricula, tests, and learning tools used in public schools were created by middle-class educators and are geared toward the needs of middle-class children. The middle-class teacher may not be able to communicate as well with the lower-class student as she could with a middle class student. A poor minority student may have trouble understanding English if English is not his/her first language or if English is not spoken in his/her home, and the teacher may have trouble understanding his/her broken English. Different social classes also use different slang and voice inflections, and have ways of speaking that contain hidden meanings. So the language a lower-class student uses at home may cause him to have trouble communicating with his middle-class teacher and classmates. In his book, Aint No Makin It, Jay MacLeod tells how a group of poor students in a particular school were able to relate to a teacher (Jim my Sullivan) who spoke their language. It was cool, cuz like you walk in thereyou talk to Jimmy, and you know Jimmys real cool, said one of his students. Related to this language barrier that exists between low and middle social classes are behavior differences which affect teachers perceptions and expectations of students. Poor and minority students are more likely to be placed in low tracks (Oakes, 64) than middle-class children, probably because teachers misinterpret certain students abilities. J. Oakes suggests that one of the reasons this happens is because of the existence of a hidden curriculum, one in which teachers expectations and judgments are based on subtle behavior traits that are a part of each students home life and are brought to the classroom. Many students in lower tracks are placed there because of, according to Oakes, misbehavior and nonconformity which teachers associate with slowness (91). So do teachers assume that poor and minority students are misbehaved and non-conforming? In Aint No Makin It, MacLeod told us that the Hallway Hangers (low-income problem students who would not behave or conform in school) res ponded better to the teacher (Jimmy Sullivan) that they identified as being a part of their same social class. The Hallway Hangers respected their teacher because he was raised in the projects where the students now live, he talked the way they did; he was tough and stubborn just like they were. The other (middle-class) teachers were found by the Hallway Hangers to be condescending and pussies that dont know how to deal with us kids (MacLeod, 108-109). Clearly, a teacher who understood their language and behavior and identified with their social background was able to communicate with them and help them at least to stay in school. Teachers who couldnt relate to lower-class students werent respected by those students. In their book, Social Foundations of Educational Decisions, Fischer and Thomas state that distinctive things about a subculture (including language and behavior) have a definite influence on a childs learning style (26-27) and that informal educationwhich occurs outsi de of a formal school setting (mostly in the home) and is different in every family and subculturecauses differences in the way children learn (34). In their essay Social Class and Education, Brookover and Gottlieb refer to studies done by sociologists and educators that indicate that eventual expression of talent (Chilcott, 264) is affected by the ways parents rear their children, and that the expectations and attitudes of parents affect their childrens achievements in school. Researchers found that more middle-class parents have higher expectations and goals for their kids than parents of lower-class children, and that children from higher class families typically have higher IQs, GPAs, and test scores than kids from lower-class families

The effect of temperature on a squash ball Essay Example

The effect of temperature on a squash ball Paper I did a preliminary experiment to see if my method would work and if there were any problems with the way I will conduct my experiment. Preliminary Results Temperature (i C) Distanced Bounced (Cm) 90 81 40 68 0 20 Factors affecting my experiment If I use different squash balls of different elasticity it will affect the bounciness of the ball.   If I use different surfaces for the ball to bounce on, I may get different results because different surfaces absorb energy better than others.   If the temperature increases, then in theory the bounciness should increase. This is because the atoms have more energy so theyll move faster; theyll have more kinetic energy inside the ball. This creates more pressure making the ball harder and bouncier. I increase the height I drop the ball from, the gravitational potential energy increases. The ball will have more energy so the bounciness increases. This formula shows how to work out the amount of energy the ball has at each height: Gravitational Potential Energy=Mass x Gravitational Strength (10N) x Height   The older the ball is, the less elastic it is. Obtaining Evidence i Temperature of the ball Distanced Bounced (Cm) 1st Test 2nd Test 3rd Test Mean Rounded Mean have carried out my plan and have used my equipment precisely to observe and measure the rate of reaction to a good level of accuracy. I have taken a sufficient number of accurate results and have recorded them in a table. I dont need to repeat any readings as none of them look to be anomalous. I made no changes to my plan but carried out a preliminary to make sure I wouldnt have to make any changes half way through the experiment. I made sure I was wearing safety goggles while I was heating the water with a Bunsen burner to protect my eyes. I stood up throughout the experiment to lower the risk of injury. When I took the squash ball out of the beaker I used tongs so I didnt burn my hands. Analysing Evidence. We will write a custom essay sample on The effect of temperature on a squash ball specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The effect of temperature on a squash ball specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The effect of temperature on a squash ball specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ive plotted my results onto a line graph and a clear pattern is seen. As the temperature of the ball is increased, the distance the ball bounces is also increased. The squash ball starts to bounce higher and higher after every 10 degrees, but towards the end the distance of the ball doesnt increase as much than the first few points on the graph. This can be shown by looking at the gradient at the beginning of the graph and at the end. At the beginning, the gradient is 1. 23, towards the end the gradient is 0. 44, this shows that its decreased which means theres less difference between the results towards the end. This means that after a while the ball isnt affected as much by temperature. In my investigation I found out that temperature does affect the bounciness of the squash ball, like I said in my prediction. I thought this would happen because as the temperature increases the pressure inside also increases making the ball harder and bouncier. The pressure increases because the atoms are moving around with more force and faster because they have more energy. My results back this up. I dont have any extreme anomalies but my second point on the graph is a bit anomalous. This could be or a number of reasons due to human error. For example I might not have seen the distance the ball bounced correctly, or I might have dropped the ball a little bit lower than the other times. Evaluation The evidence I obtained was good for the simplicity of my investigation. I think the way in which my investigation was carried out was effective but could have been more accurate. For example, I carried out all of it. If I used machines or computers it would have been a lot more accurate. If I had the equipment to this I would have a machine drop the squash ball from an exact point and use either or video camera or light motion sensor to get the exact measurement of the bounce. This would be a lot more accurate than my own eyesight. But saying that, my results were very accurate without machines and I can see this by how Ive plotted them on the graph. They were easily accurate enough to make a firm conclusion on that increasing the temperature increases the bounciness of the ball. There werent any results that didnt fit into the main pattern. I think this is because I took great care while carrying out the experiment. There are many other experiments I could do to extend the work Ive done. For example I could look at all the other factors that affect the bounciness which I mentioned in my plan. I think an interesting one would be to change the material the ball lands on, to see which material absorbs the most energy.

The current Political issue of legalizing drugs in the United States Essay Example

The current Political issue of legalizing drugs in the United States Essay Example The current Political issue of legalizing drugs in the United States Paper The current Political issue of legalizing drugs in the United States Paper Essay Topic: Current In todays world, drugs are everywhere, some of the legal ones include; coffee, alcohol and medicine from hospitals Some illegal ones include heroin, cannabis and cocaine. People take drugs for various reasons, for example people take drugs because of curiosity, peer pressure, mental stress, guilt, enjoyment, low self-esteem, ignorance, running away from problems and idleness. Drugs interfere with the physical body, health, social, emotional being, psychological, job life of a person, spiritual and financial life of an individual. Many people have been involved in the abuse of drugs. Abuse is where an individual has, too much of a drug and also has it too often. In the United States just like in other countries, arguments have been concerning the legalization of drugs. It has been a time of push and pull, where some people think that it essential to legalize them, and others think that legalizing them would be unethical. Doug Husak of Rutgers University in New Jersey says that legalizing drugs would lead to the careless use of drugs by young people hence leading to a declined species of young people as some will die, while others will have mental related difficulties. Another argument put forward is that legalizing drugs would not have a great effect on issues that regards law and making and passing of policies, therefore, there would not be any problem in legalizing it. Secondly, it is argued whether drugs will be used to defend a person in a criminal case. For example, if a person is caught having murdered, will your case be written off because you were found to be under the influence of Heroin? It is also argued that legalizing drugs would mean banning the Food and Drug Administration which looks into the safety of food and drugs. If drugs are legalized it would mean baning FDA, because allowing it to function would be hypocritical, because it would continue to ban dangerous drugs. For example the ban of the use of Red Dye number 2 which was conceived to be causing cancer, this however will not work since the other drugs will still be existing having been legalized. Therefore what will be the need of the continual existence of FDA? The other argument is, if drugs are legalized what would happen to â€Å"Dram Shop† laws, these are laws that are used to govern the people who sell in bars. If a bar person sells alcohol to a person, and then the drank person goes on and commits a crime,the bar person will be held responsible. The question is, if drugs are legalized will those laws still be functional and if they will not what about those laws protecting the ethics of the people. Are we then going to allow crimes to keep happening in the name of making profit and legalizing drugs? In June 2005, there was an argument whether Marijuana should be used for Chronic related cases. In June 6, 2005, the supreme court ruled against the use of doctors using Marijuana to treat diseases like cancer. For a period of time,there has been an outcry for the government to legalize the use of Marijuana and defy the FDAs rules, but it has not worked. However Marinol, that is found in Marijuana is being given to patients by doctors especially to those who suffer chronic pain. Recently, the anti-drug effort has held many people in the courts and charged them highly for selling drugs that are a health hazard to people. However, legalizing drugs to the government is seen as a means of gaining more taxes.. In this endless war on drugs, Hilary Clinton, in 8th October 2008, said that once drug criminals are held and agree to stay out of drugs, they should not be held for criminal acts, however, they should be offered treatment so as to get out of their addiction. Drugs legalizations has it own pros and cons, the Unites States would benefit a s well as be affected if they would decide to legalize drugs. The advantages towards legalizing the drugs would be as follows. There would be an increase in employment opportunities once the drugs are legalized. Many people would have to be employed in the manufacturing, sales and marketing industry. The manufacturing industry would require personnel to help in the process and mixing of the ingredients that make some of those drugs. The sales industry would employ people to help in distributing the drugs while the marketing industry would employ people who would assist in making the products known to the public domain The Agricultural sector would still benefit from employment opportunities. Farmers would be able to plant Marijuana and other drugs at a great deal. There would have to be massive and large scale production of these drugs, as a result farmers would accumulate profits. The farmers would also have to employ other people to be assisting them in the farm. Legalizing drugs would lead to a tremendous decrease of people in the prison, since most of the people in the prison are those held on drug related crimes. Consequently, if drugs were legalized, once in the market, they would be charged taxes, the money would then be used for massive developments such as build more schools, roads and even rise the economy of the country. As the government embarks on legalizing the drugs, an economic boom would be realized. This would be felt from the other products that are used along with the drugs. For example, heroin drug is used together with needles, they are injected in the body. With a rise of the drug in the market, the syringes would also be massively bought. This would result to a rise in the economy. Legalization of drugs would also have some negative effects on the country. The disadvantages of the action strikes a balance to the advantages. With there being an increase of the drugs in the market, this would lead to the drugs being acquired at a lower price. The lower prices of drugs would lead to lack of business for drug dealers, since drugs will become cheaper, many people will be selling them and therefore the big companies will also have to lower prices. There will lack a healthy competition in the economy. Big companies will have to buy the drugs in large amounts but sell to small scale people at a cheap price, these cheap prices will destroy the drug dealers. With the price of producing the drugs being lower, the cost of the drug will cheaper too and this might lead to drugs being cheaper than even grain foods like bread which would be a great economic fall. The results of the drugs being cheaper, would lead to many people wanting to experiment the drug. This would eventually lead to addiction. An upcoming generation of drug addicts would be raised, in addition to a lawless society that is, physically, emotionally and mentally unstable. As a result of this the employment sector would go down, since the age of being employed would all be affected by the addiction. With the legalization of these drugs, there would be a total collapse of the corporate sector and the employment arenas. This is because the drugs would find their way in the offices and corporate sectors. Once taken, there will not be sound decision making because of the drugs influence. Mental diseases would largely affect people causing them to be taken to rehabilitation centers. The increase of the drug addicts would require an increase of those centers. More money would have to be dispensed leading to taxpayers money being increased. In the United States there isnt any drug producing producers, therefore, the Government would have to import the drugs from other neighboring countries like Costa Rica. These imports, requires billions of money which would not be if there were no imports being bought. It is worth noting that drugs are still finding their way in the US, this means that they still get entry into the country. Despite the much fight against the drugs, they are still thriving. In conclusion, the legalization of drugs is a hot debate, either side is convincing however, every good side seems to be producing a bad element in it. The US has got a lot to do as well as other countries especially the developing ones where the used of drugs is spreading like bush fire. Chapter nine: legal; issues surrounding the legalization of drugs. Accessed on 27th September 2008, from druglibrary. org/schaffer/DEBATE/myths/myths Prons and cons of drug Legalization. Accessed on 27th September 2008, from bookrags. com/essay-2006/3/8/84936/88453 War on drugs -pros and cons. Accessed on 27th September 2008, from angryharry. com/esWaronDrugs. htm Balanced politics – legalization of Marijuana. Accessed on 27th September 2008, from balancedpolitics. org/marijuana-legalization Pros and cons. Accessed on 27th September 2008, from echeat. com/essay. php? t=31349

Nonstandard Accounting common to the High-Tech Industry Essay

Nonstandard Accounting common to the High-Tech Industry - Essay Example The main idea behind the convergence concept was that, all nations would come together and form a unified set of accounting standards that would be applied in major capital markets. Additionally, the IFRS also wanted to ensure that the standards are adequately and rigorously used. More over the international standards formulated by international accounting standards took into account the financial reporting needs of the developing nations as well as small and medium-sized entities (SME’s).The IFRS is also in charge of maintaining the IASB independence and financial autonomy. By 1973 the international Accounting standards Committee was formed and it served as the first international accounting standards setting body. In 2002, it was however reorganized and became an independent accounting standard setter. Currently, more than 100 countries use the International Financial Reporting standards (that is set and issued by IASB) or a local direct of the IFRS. In the United States, the IASB have been developing Generally Accepted Accounting principles (GAAP) as well as IFRS. Additionally the Asian community (China and Japan) are also formulating their accounting standards to conform to the IFRS (Michael, 77). The IFRS dictates that financial statements must be structured in such a way that they reflect the true and fair view of the organization’s financial performance as well as the fair financial position. In this regard the financial statements must provide accurate information about the assets, equity, liabilities, incomes and expenditures of a given organization as well as the operating profits or loses. Additionally, to other relevant information include cash flow movement, contribution by/distributions to investors, notes. Such information enables a prospective investor to predict with great accuracy on when to invest profitably in the organization based on the prediction of future cash flows. IFRS dictates that financial

How ICT Is Applied To The Tourism And Hospitality Industries Essay

How ICT Is Applied To The Tourism And Hospitality Industries - Essay Example e tourism and hospitality industries commonly involves the execution of activities such as incorporation of telecommunications technology with computers and other essential software, which further allows the user companies to access, store as well as share information among their various operational departments. It would not be erroneous to depict in this regard that ICT has its influences in various sections of the business and it acts as a major driving force in deciding the performance of the business operations of companies functioning in any sector including tourism and hospitality sectors. The significance of ICT for companies operating in any sector can be affirmed from the fact that it is actively implemented in certain specific and vital sections of tourism and hospitality business constituted with the various dimensions of production, marketing, research and communication among others. ICT is also a prime tool for tourism and hospitality companies operating in the contempor ary business environment in the context of accomplishing daily tasks, which comprise generating business reports and executing continuous communications with the stakeholders of the business (Hooff & Wijngaert, 2005). Hence, it can be apparently stated that ICT is quite vital for businesses in various distinct domains as it attempts to make significant contributions towards enhancing the value and performance of the businesses operating in any particular sector. Aim of the Study With reference to the determined purview related to ICT, it is evident that it is used in various domains of the business context in the modern era. Consequently, in order to provide a comprehensive understanding regarding the aforementioned aspect, this study evaluates various literatures, studies and practical... The tools of ICT have been in wide use in this particular industrial context, wherein the applicant companies have understood about how these technologies might be helpful for conducting most effective business operations. It has been further observed from the research that ICT helps the players in the tourism sector to interact with the customers on a usual and efficient manner where they intend to build a healthy relationship with the same. The study further revealed that ICT also enables companies to strengthen their communication prospects within the internal and external business environments. Notably, through this approach, tourism and hospitality companies were able to enhance their performance along with operational efficiency. This aspect was justified with the example of performance augmentation of tourism industry productivity of Ireland rewarding better scope for effective communication among various business departments. Apart from this, the research was also able to dep ict the positive effects of ICT in the marketing and financing sector of tourism and hospitality industry. Nevertheless, secondary data used in this paper also revealed both favorable and unfavorable effects of ICT in the tourism and hospitality industries advocating that the benefits of its usage depend substantially on the credibility of its users. In support of this particular inference, case examples related to ICT application in China and Ghana tourism industries were presented in the research study.

International Development Is Best Helped Through Free Trade Research Paper

International Development Is Best Helped Through Free Trade - Research Paper Example This report stresses that countries have learned to use free trade to improve their economies or foreign relations with their neighbors . In spite of research efforts to understand, the concept of free trade, definitive findings on the subject are still limited. Compared to related areas such as business management, diplomacy, and foreign relations, free trade has received less research recognition and attention and deserves better. This topic is an attempt to do justice to the concept of free trade by providing more critical, comprehensive and relevant perspectives on the subject. Students, managers, business owners, leaders and teachers need to develop a better and deeper understanding of free trade, and this international development is best helped by free trade. Based on the literature review and the examination of collected data, all indications are that there is a positive correlation between international development and free trade. In addition, the research shows that when al l conditions are constant, the relationship between international development and free trade is directly proportional. Various observations and have been made, and there is considerable proof that free trade has a positive impact on international development. Another inference is that free trade is a multidisciplinary and multifaceted concept that is easy to misconstrue because of its wide scope. It is important for researchers to use critical skills when analyzing the concept of free trade on its own, without relating it to other variables.

Three Synchronic And Three Diachronic Approaches Theology Religion Essay

Three Synchronic And Three Diachronic Approaches Theology Religion Essay In this essay I will attempt to critically apply three synchronic and three diachronic approaches to Matthew 15:21-28. I will endeavour to illustrate responsible biblical interpretation by giving examples of good application as well as examples of abuse. 2. Matthew 15:21-28 21 Leaving that place, Jesus withdrew to the region of Tyre and Sidon.22 A Canaanite woman from that vicinity came to him, crying out, Lord, Son of David, have mercy on me! My daughter is suffering terribly from demon possession.23 Jesus did not answer a word. So his disciples came to him and urged him, Send her away, for she keeps crying out after us. 24 He answered, I was sent only to the lost sheep of Israel.25 The woman came and knelt before him. Lord, help me! she said. 26 He replied, It is not right to take the childrens bread and toss it to the dogs.27 Yes Lord, she said. but even the dogs eat the crumbs that fall from their masters table. 28 Then Jesus answered, Woman, you have great faith! Your request is granted. And her daughter was healed from that very hour. 3. Synchronic approach With this approach, the final form of the text is examined in terms of language and literature. The synchronic approach has evolved from modern linguistic and literary criticism. Tools of structural linguistics are used. I will explore three synchronic approaches namely: discourse analysis; narrative criticism and ideological criticism. 3.1 Discourse analysis In discourse analysis, the flow of larger sections of language is studied. This enables one to understand how the text is organized and how this affects ones understanding of the text. In this analysis I will use the method as described by Holgate and Starr (2010:49-54). Key: The main verbs are in bold; the text is divided into separate lines with one verb per line; lines belonging together are grouped into distinct statements and indented according to their relative positions. Subjects are underlined and a dotted line inserted to mark changes of subject. 21 Leaving that place, Jesus withdrew to the region of Tyre and Sidon. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 22 A Canaanite woman from that vicinity came to him, crying out, Lord, Son of David, have mercy on me! My daughter is suffering terribly from demon possession. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 23 Jesus did not answer a word. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ So his disciples came to him and urged him, Send her away, for she keeps crying out after us. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 24 He answered, I was sent only to the lost sheep of Israel. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 25 The woman came and knelt before him. Lord, help me! she said. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 26 He replied, It is not right to take the childrens bread and toss it to the dogs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 27 Yes, Lord, she said. but even the dogs eat the crumbs that fall from their masters table. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 28 Then Jesus answered, Woman, you have great faith! Your request is granted. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. And her daughter was healed from that very hour. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Recurrent words and phrases: Answer (v.23; 24; 26; 27); Came (v.22; 23; 25); Crying (v.22; 23); Send (v.23; 24); Said (v. 25; 27). By doing this discourse analysis, it can be seen that: people (the woman and the disciples) came to Jesus. people turn to Jesus with different agendas the woman because of distress; the disciples in self- righteousness/ intolerance. Jesus answers questions and requests. in verse 24, Jesus is actually speaking to the disciples and not necessarily to the woman. Jesus was using the situation to illustrate a point to his disciples. Just prior to this event, Jesus had to explain to them (v 16-20) to look past the single-minded concern for the law to the principle of the law. Application: Proper use: This shows us that everyone can come to Jesus with whatever they need to bring to him. It teaches us not to disregard a person, like the disciples did, because of a feeling of cultural or religious superiority. Misuse: To misinterpret Jesus initial reaction and to use that to justify cultural, religious or gender arrogance. 3.2 Narrative criticism This is a technique whereby a Biblical text is evaluated as a story, considering various aspects including the implied author as well as the implied reader. It views the text as a whole, analysing it and emphasizing the effects of the narrative on the implied reader. It considers the events, the characters, conflict and the literary strategies used. In this text, the following analysis can be made: The events occur in the region of Tyre, which was a Gentile, i.e. a non -Jewish area. This is the same region where Elijah healed a gentile womans son. The narrative takes place after Jesus had been talking to the Jewish religious leaders, a crowd of people and his disciples about ritual cleanliness. The characters are Jesus, a Canaanite woman, Jesus disciples, and indirectly the womans daughter and the nation of Israel. Conflict can be detected between the disciples and the woman, as well as in Jesus initial responses. The implied narrator is Matthew. Application: Proper use: It reflects the attitude of the rest of the Gospel of Matthew that the good news of Jesus the saviour is not only for the Jewish people, but for the whole world. We should take this point and realise that we need to bring the message of grace to whoever is seeking mercy and wants to believe. Misuse: This can happen when this text is misunderstood, creating a perception of intolerance to women and outsiders. 3.3 Ideological criticism Ideological criticism considers three areas in which ideology affects texts. These are: the ideological context in which the text was produced; the ideology expressed within it and the ideology of those who read it (Holgate Starr 2010:132). Due to the wide range of possible readers, there will always be more meanings of the text than what the author intended. This can result in more than one legitimate interpretation of the text. This happens because when reading the text, readers bring with them their pre-understandings, assumptions, values and interests. Feminist ideological criticism, for instance, points out that the Bible has been written by men from the perspective of men and the final list of books that were included in the canon was likewise decided by men. Application: Proper use: To use ideological criticism to expose stereotypes and to highlight the sometimes not so obvious inclusiveness which Jesus has for those who feel disregarded. Misuse: When this is used to support the interests of some at the expense of others. For example, with feminist criticism, if the importance of women in the Bible is highlighted (rightly so) but then taken to the extreme of rejecting any masculine input and ignoring the voices of other marginalised groups. 4. Diachronic approach In this approach, an analysis is made as to how the text came to be here in the Bible, in this form and in this place. The goal of diachronic analysis is the reconstruction of the historical course along which the texts reached their final forms. 4.1 Form criticism This is a way of analysing a passage to determine whether some or all of the text first existed in oral form. It also considers how and where such forms were actually used in the context or life situation (Sitz im Leben) of religious communities. Part of this analysis is to determine the genre of the biblical text. There are four steps involved (Holgate Starr 2010:75): i) Determine the start and end of the unit and analyse the structure: This passage, taken from Matthew 15 starts at verse 21 and ends at verse 28. ii) Determine the genre: This is a narrative, the purpose of which is to recount a miracle of Jesus involving an exorcism. iii) Consider the literary, historical and social setting of the text: The passage is in Matthew chapter 15 and follows discussions on ritual purity. It precedes the description of Jesus healing many people and feeding 4000. The social setting is that of a group of Jewish men who are not in a Jewish area, being harassed by a gentile woman. iv) Examine how this information assists in determining the earlier use of these units in the oral tradition: The Jewish nation was the Chosen People and this would be emphasised weekly in the synagogues. The Gospel of Matthew was written between AD 70-90 when there was conflict concerning the place of Gentiles within the early Jesus movement. Application: Proper use: By realising that this text is positioned between Jesus discourse on ritual purity and Jesus healing and feeding many people, it compels one to look beneath the surface of the text. The author intended his audience to understand that the message of this narrative was directed more at the attitudes of Jesus disciples (us), than as a story of perseverance. Misuse: This can happen with a superficial reading of this passage which could result in an image of Jesus being uncaring, especially to women. 4.2 Redaction criticism: Redaction criticism builds upon the results of source criticism since it can only be used when there are identifiable sources. Redaction criticism regards the author of the text as the editor or redactor of the source materials. It analyses the way in which the author organized information available to express his/her theological goals into what we read as the biblical text. When one compares this passage in Matthew with that of Mark, a different emphasis on the significance of the events can be detected. It can be assumed the difference in the narrative would be due to the theological emphases that each stress in their respective gospels. In Marks account, the disciples, people of Israel and faith are not mentioned. In Matthews version the woman refers to Jesus as the Son of David but she does not do so in Marks version. The reason might be that Matthews own theology is imposing itself on the story; that is, Matthew had the woman address Jesus by his messianic title because this is how Matthews community understood Jesus. Application: Proper use: This shows that Biblical passages are written with specific purposes in mind. Matthew used this story to highlight his specific theological message to a Jewish audience. Misuse: It would be incorrect to dogmatically use certain verses to prove a point. For example, it would be incorrect to state categorically that the womans daughter was healed because of her mothers faith, since Mark does not mention faith. Faith may or may not have had anything to do with the cure. 4.3 Tradition criticism: This flows from form criticism and tries to reconstruct the history or development of the Gospel traditions, from the earliest stages to the final form in which they appear in the passage under consideration. Traditional aspects seen in this passage are the people of Israel as Gods chosen; women occupying inferior positions to men; the Messiah as a descendent of David. There is a similarity with Matthew 8:5-13 (and Luke 7:1-10) where a Roman officers servant is healed by Jesus. This story also draws on the rich history of Jesus healings and his interaction with outcasts. Application: Proper use: With an appropriate application, one will realise the context of when this text was written, in which case one can see the appropriateness of the situation and characters. Misuse: An inappropriate reading would be if this text is used as a basis to justify an exclusive religious attitude or to sanction a subservient position for women. 5. Conclusion In this essay I used the passage from Matthew 15:21-28 and applied three synchronic and three diachronic approaches to the text. The Synchronic approaches used were discourse analysis; narrative criticism and ideological criticism. The Diachronic approaches were form criticism; redaction criticism and tradition criticism. I also used examples of proper use as well as misuse in the application of these methods.

A Lifelong Masquerade

They relied on men to provide all of their daily needs, so they Sistine and agreed to everything that they had to say. Rich heiress Portia, on the other hand, does not adhere to those expectations and rules. Through irony and pun, Portia proves herself to be an intelligent and witty woman who is not afraid to challenge traditional social norm. She is a heroine with refreshing Initiative that displays great knowledge of how to use her rare Intelligence to her advantage, to help the people that she cares about and to gain power.Jessica, Shylock daughter, also shows the traits of a strong woman who is willing to leave her avaricious father Enid for a new life as an accepted Christian rather than a hated Jew. Shakespeare contradicts the common role of women in the 17th century by making Portia, among other women, Instrumental in the plays development due to her intelligence, confidence and silent power. Portia, Jessica and Unreels all Juxtapose the traits of most Elizabethan women; they are witty, powerful and zealous rather than obedient, silent and motivated by blinding love.Portia shows dominance from the moment she is introduced in the play, which juxtaposes the passiveness of women in the Elizabethan era. She respects herself and knows that she is smart; she believes that men are her equals rather than her superiors. She is an educated woman who looks for a husband that values meaningful things, such as intelligence. Many men in the 17th century had superficial values, placing beauty and wealth over wit. Luckily, Portrait's late father has devised a plan to find her the best husband, avoiding a loveless marriage. Despite the strict rules, she has found a way to manipulate her father's â€Å"lottery (1. . 29), providing a clue to help her suitors choose the correct asset. Portia has many opportunities to show her dominance, including when speaking to Inertias about possible suitors. Inertias asks about Monsieur El Bon, and Portrait's reply Is Insolent; â€Å" God made him, and therefore let him pass for a man† (1. 2. 56-57). She Is not afraid to show her dominance by Insulting a man, which would be unruly for any other Elizabethan woman. She is also not afraid to step out of her comfort zone in order to save someone's life. Walking into a courtroom full of people in disguise as a young male is not something any woman would do.This raze act allows Portia to finally seem equal to the men around her because she is just as or even more intelligent. Portia shows her thorough knowledge of the law when she explains Schlock's predicament, ‘The law hath yet another hold on you. / It Shylock casually sharpen his knife on the sole of his shoe well until she can watch him leave the courtroom, with a sense of satisfaction. Her wit and eagerness to prove herself provide a positive outcome for Antonio, who is perceived as very physically and mentally weak at this point in the trial.Her dominant role prevails throughout he time in the court because Antonio is helpless in his time of need. Ultimately, it is a woman who devises the plan to save Notation's life from the â€Å"inhuman wretch† (4. 1. 4) that is Shylock. Although the end of the play is meant to provide comic relief, the theme of Portia and Inertia's power dominates the comedy. Their disguises fool everyone in the court, including Bastion and Granting. Once the women establish that they refuse to sleep in the same beds as their respective husbands until they get their rings back, both Bastion and Granting are desperate.Bastion pleads with Portia, â€Å"Nay, but hear me. Pardon this fault, and by my soul I swear / I never more will break an oath with thee† (5. 1. 265-67). Keeping their composure also shows how obstinate Portia and Inertia's minds are; they watch their husbands' beg them for forgiveness, powerless and inferior, Just for that moment. Portia and Inertias both say things intentionally to make their husbands feel guilty and to display the temporary power they have over them. After the men make their promises, Portia and Inertias assume their role as women and kindly forgive the men to resolve the conflict.An act like this would take a lot of courage on a woman's art, another Juxtaposing trait that the heroines of this play have that many women lacked in the seventeenth century. Portia shows a confidence and boldness that many Elizabethan women were devoid of. Women in the seventeenth century remained silent and were voiceless because they truly believed that men were their superiors. Portia is assertive and feels like she has the same power as any man. She openly Judges Prince Morocco, â€Å"If he have the condition of a saint and the complexion of a devil, I had rather he should shrive me than wives me† (1. . 129-31) because of his darker skin color. She will not settle for someone who has superficial values, despite the casket plot, further revealing her confidence and poise when speaking to a man that will not hesitate to objectify her. She does not feel that she has to respect Morocco simply because he is a man. Furthermore, Portia is also confident enough to reverse gender roles; men usually rate women, but in this case, through verbal irony, she reveals that she rates men instead. Lastly, Portia implementing herself in Notation's trial shows that she knows that she is equal to men.Even though she is disguised as a young man, her voice is heard. Portia valiantly tries to convince Shylock to show mercy to Antonio through a beautiful speech: ‘Its mightiest in the mightiest; it becomes The thorn ©d monarch better than his crown. His scepter shows the force of temporal power, The attribute to awe and majesty Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings; It is enthroned in the hearts of kings; It is an attribute to God Himself; (4. 1 . 194. 201) Portia first tries to persuade Shylock that only the strongest and most noble men show mercy.She compares the possible sense of emp owerment he will feel to God's likes God's When mercy seasons Justice. Therefore, Jew, Though Justice be thy plea; consider this: That in the course of Justice none of us Should see salvation. We do pray for mercy, And that same prayer doth teach us all to render The deeds of mercy. (4. 1. 202-08) Again, Portia refers to the power Shylock will have if he chooses not to kill Antonio. She hopes that he can show mercy despite being berated and publicly humiliated â€Å"many a time and oft† (1. 3. 116).This passage reveals that Portia is able to accept that Shylock has been treated unjustly because he is a â€Å"Jew'. She is not as callously indifferent as other Christians. She moves the whole courtroom with her powerful words; the only exception is Shylock. Her analysis of mercy and elevated diction do not convince him. Portrait's morale is emphasized in the courtroom because she is able to confidently win the trial. She helps orchestrate the resolution to the flesh bond plot, not holding back until the Christian's get what they want.She demonstrates the true power that women possess but are too apprehensive to show. Even though she has to disguise herself, she proves to the audience that a woman can be beautiful and wise. Shakespeare shines light on the hidden potential of Elizabethan women in The Merchant of Venice; a woman, such as Portia, Inertias or even Jessica would not be depicted as intelligent because that is a trait that was undervalued and underestimated in the seventeenth century. Men were the educated breadwinners that stole the spotlight from women for centuries.Despite the common notion of women being unintelligent, Shakespeare decides to show a different side of them by portraying Portia as an educated woman who speaks with an elevated diction and Jessica as a woman with a lot of strength and courage. Portia and Jessica obvious wisdom and awareness again Juxtapose against other women in the Elizabethan era because women were tutored at ho me and were unable to attend university. A woman's purpose was to get married and one day have children; all of their dreams would be put aside to maintain a good family name and positive reputation.Portia is aware of her expected role as a woman, but those expectations will not stop her from gaining the confidence to realize that she is a man's equal. When discussing suitors, she is able to voice her harsh opinion about the Duke of Saxony nephew without gestation, â€Å"When he is best he is a little worse than a man, and when he is worst he is little better than a beast† (1. 2. 86-90). She knows that she needs to find a husband that lives up to her standards, but by her father's will. Many men overlook her confidence and focus rather on her beauty and wealth.The Prince of Morocco even has the audacity to objectify Portia, saying that princes come to â€Å"view' (2. 7. 49) her as if she is a statue. He then places a monetary value on Portia, â€Å"Or shall I think in silve r she's immured, / Being ten times undervalued to tried gold? † (2. 7. 58-59) which Reuters her disdain for him. Afterwards, Portia reveals her quick wit in a new and different way – she puts on an act for Bastion, leading him to believe that she is weak and pathetic, showing a passive yet duplicitous side. She tells Bastion that she him.The audience is very aware of the fact that Portia does not believe what she is saying due to dramatic irony; she is actually strong-willed and refuses to be directed by a man. She has had power from the moment her father died until now, and she does not intend to lose it. Bastion believes the gimmick, and is left speechless, [Madam,] you have bereft me of all words† (3. 2. 179). Using her intelligence, Portia has found a way to preserve her power, which was rare for Elizabethan women to have in the first place. Jessica is also an example of a woman who is witty and has ambition.She coordinates her own escape and arranges her elop ement free from the watchful eye of her covetous father. Lorenz tells Granting how Jessica â€Å"hath directed / How I shall take her from her father's house, / What gold and Jewels she is furnished with† (2. 4. 33-35). Jessica is smart enough to realize that she will live a teeter life as a Christian without her father or any biological family. Using her wit, she devises a plan to remorselessly steal the money and Jewels that her father treasures and to run away to elope with a Christian man.She is also aware of her fathers hate for Christians, but carelessly runs away with one because she does not care about her father's feelings. Both Portia and Jessica are examples of strong-willed women with different motives but a similar drive – they are capable of realizing that they are not inferior to men and that they are allowed to be confident. Often, a man's Judgment of a woman's character is clouded by vague ideas based on appearance and/or social status.In The Merchant of Venice, William Shakespeare explores the hidden yet beautiful side of women that is not based on any sexist notion. Through characters like Portia, Inertias and Jessica, Shakespeare reveals that women have more to them than Just beauty and wealth, which is a common misconception in Portrait's case. Many women have a latent confidence, initiative and ability that can be provoked in a positive and accepting environment. Gender inequality has been an issue for many centuries because women are afraid to speak out.Both men and women should work together rather than try to tear each other down because both genders have incredible ideas to offer the world. Both genders require each other's help to maintain balance and peace through acceptance and resolutions that will benefit both men and women alike. We were created by God to take care of the earth and each other but without love and equality, this task is virtually impossible. Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. New York: Fo lder Shakespeare Library, 2010. Print.

Effect of endorsement advertisement on rural vs. urban youth buying behavior Essay

In today’s highly competitive markets, big brands are at logger-heads when it comes to products being offered, each having a similar product to that of a rival. Where does one brand gain that quintessential advantage – advertising, service, promise of trust, or even the all important price factors? Advertising seems to be the best platform where brands prefer to compete on – right from hiring the best advertising agencies to getting the biggest celebrities. Celebrity endorsement is a special type of advertisement which includes a famous person from film fraternity, athletes, and sports, modeling world etc. It helps in promoting the Brand and also increasing the sales of the product. Celebrity endorsement has not developed in recent years, it is being used since the days of Lux and Dabur Amla Hair Oil. This type of marketing strategy is used to promote the Brand and has proved in itself a boon in advertising world. However, it is very expensive to endorse a celebrity for a product but in the long run it has helped in enhancing the Brand Image. Celebrities are also interested in endorsing themselves as they get highly compensated and their visibility also increase. Infact several celebrities from bollywood use these advertisements for Promoting their new releases and also vice-versa. India is a country where people are star-struck by film stars, cricketers, politicians, and even criminals. Why? Population of 1 billion and ticking, everyday people need something or someone to look up to. A sense of security, admiration, comfort, familiarity, and above all, someone they aspire to be at some hidden level in their lives. And clever marketers leverage this very  celebrity appeal and are successfully carrying out their jobs by giving the bottom lines of all the brands what they want – profit, market share and even recall. But how much star power is too much? â€Å"Does Amitabh really use Boro Plus† And â€Å"Does Salman Khan really uses Wheel† asked a 6 year old to her mother. Her mother laughs and says, â€Å"No way, just a gimmick.† What does that do to the brand? Many companies have had considerable success using celebrities as spokesperson, both endorser image serve as mediators in the equity-creation process of celebrity product endorsement (Seno and Lukas, 2007). Product attitude was predicted by inferences about the endorser’s liking for the product and by attitudes towards the endorser (Silvera and Austad, 2004). When however respondents are exposed to negative information about a celebrity endorser, a negative transference of affect in the endorsement relationship may also occur. When the situation is reversed and the respondents are exposed to negative information about the brand, the transference of affect is mitigated (White et al., 2009). Businesses have long sought to distract the attention of the potentials customers that live in a world of ever increasing commercial bombardment. Everyday consumers are exposed to thousands of voices and images in magazines, newspaper, and on billboards, websites, radio and television. Every brand attempts to steal a fraction of an unsuspecting person’s time to inform him or her of the amazing and different attributes of the product at hand. Because of the constant media saturation that most people experience daily, they eventually become numb to the standard marketing techniques. The challenge of the marketer is to hook the subject’s attention. 3 This is true for the classic forms of celebrity, like Film Stars (eg. Amitabh Bachchan, Shahrukh Khan, Rani Mukherjee, Aamir Khan and Pierce Brosnan). Models (e.g., Malaika Arora, Lisa Ray , Naomi Campbell, Gisele Buendchen etc)., Sports Figures (e.g., Sachin Tendulkar, Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Virander Sehwag, Rahul Dravid, Zaheer Khan , Steve Waugh, etc). Entertainers (e.g. Cyrus Broacha, Oprah winfrey, Conan O’Brien), and Pop-Stars (e.g., Madonna, David Bowie) – but also for less obvious groups like Businessmen (e.g., Donald Trump, Bill Gates) or politicians. Celebrities appear in public in different ways. First, they appear in public when fulfilling their profession, e.g., Viswanathan Anand, who plays chess in front of the audience. Further, celebrities appear in public by attending special celebrity events, e.g., award ceremonies, inauguration or world premier of movies. In addition, they present themselves in news, fashion, magazines, and tabloids’, which provide second information on events and the ‘private life ‘of celebrities through mass-media channel (e.g., Smriti Irani being regular feature in various publications). Last but not the least, celebrities act as spokes-person in advertising to promote products and services, which is referred to celebrity endorsement. For Instance: ï‚ · Vodafone signed Irfan Khan for advertisement of Sim cards. ï‚ · Tennis sensation Sania Mirza was appointed to increase the sales of ‘Bournvita energy drinks’. ï‚ · ‘ITC’ roped in Deepika Padukone for promotion of its soap named ‘Fiama di Wills’. ï‚ · Famous Brand ‘Veet’ roped in Katrina Kaif as its Brand ambassador. ï‚ · Shahrukh Khan has been chosen by Big Brands for their Advertisement which includes ‘Dish TV’ and ‘Airtel’. ï‚ · M.S Dhoni and Baichung Bhutia for ‘Project Tiger of Aircel’. Companies spend huge amount of money on Celebrities to sell anything from a candy, hair oil, soaps, colas, pens, paints, automobiles etc. Most companies know that celebrities have an appeal and a Brand can be best helped to reach out to the masses. 4 2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE The use of testimonials by advertisers dates back to the 19th century when medicines were patented. Firms have been juxtaposing their brands and themselves with celebrity endorsers (e.g., athletes, actors) in the hope that celebrities may boost effectiveness of their marketing. The late ’80s saw the beginning of celebrity endorsements in advertising in India. Hindi film and TV stars as well as sportspersons began encroaching on a territory  that was, until then, the exclusive domain of models. There was a spurt of advertising, featuring stars like Tabassum (Prestige pressure cookers), Jalal Agha (Pan Parag), Kapil Dev (Palmolive Shaving Cream) and Sunil Gavaskar (Dinesh Suitings). Of course, probably the first ad to cash in on star power in a strategic, long-term, mission statement kind of way was for Lux soap always endorsing the latest hit actress. A brand which has, perhaps as a result of this, been among the top three in the country for much of its lifetime. Today, the use of celebrity advertising has become a trend and a winning formula of corporate image building and product marketing. It provides empirical evidence demonstrating that attitudes can be affected in such a way. The impact of Tiger Woods tournament performance on the endorsing firm’s value subsequent to the contract signing was examined. No relationship was found between Tiger’s tournament placement and the excess returns of Fortune brands. No significant relationship was found for American Express, suggesting the market does not view a golfer endorsing financial services as credible. However, a positive relationship and significant impact of tiger’s performance on Nike’s excess returns was found suggesting that the market values the additional publicity that Nike receives when Tiger is in contention to win (Farrell et al., 2000). Some marketers choose to utilize multiple celebrities to promote their Brands. Fit between the endorsed product and various celebrities is a key factor for using multiple celebrity endorser in advertising (Hsu et al., 2002). The use of celebrity endorser in advertising is wide spread – as much as 20 percent of all advertising use some type of celebrity endorser. Marketers invest significance dollars in securing the promotional support of well-known individuals (Till, 1998). Products which are ultimately sold by retailers are endorsed more frequently by celebrities in certain sports than others (Lear et al., 2009). The importance of fit between the endorser and the endorsed product has been described as the â€Å"Match-up Hypothesis†, research has focused on physical attraction (Till and Busler 1998). Celebrities can be used to gain attention and maintain sales, while spokesperson’s effectiveness is in establishing a lifelong link with the product (Tom et al., 1992). 5 The perusal of above mentioned studies makes it very clear that endorsements advertisement does have strong impacts on consumers. The present paper has taken a leaf from these studies and has proceeded for an empirical investigation, into a Region-Wise Impact of Celebrity Endorsement which is presented subsequently. 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research problems tend to be different from one another and so it requires own special emphasis and different approach. Since the entire research problem is unique in some ways, the research process has to be typically customized. All the steps adopted in the research have been elaborated in the following sections. 3.1 Statement of the problem The present paper aims at finding the extent to which endorsement advertising has been successful to influence the buyer behaviour across Urban and Rural groups. The research problem investigated herein has been precisely defined asâ€Å"Effectiveness of Endorsement Advertisement on Rural vs. Urban Youth buying behaviour†. 3.2 Objectives 1. To study the likeability of the endorsement advertising. 2. To study as to what extent endorsement advertising impact the consumer behaviour towards endorsed Brands. 3. To comparatively study the Impact of endorsement advertisement on Rural vs. Urban Buyer Behaviour. 3.3 Hypothesis In order to ensure effective analysis and understanding of data collected for the purpose of this study, the following hypothesis have been framed: 1 H0: There is no specific impact of celebrity endorsements in Advertising on Youth. 2 H1: There is no significant difference between Urban and Rural Youth with respect to effectiveness of endorsement in advertising. 3.4 Research Design The present research is descriptive in nature as it aims at comparatively studying whether endorsement advertising has an impact on Youth buyer behaviour. It also aims to find out as to what type of consumers in terms of locality is more 6 influenced by endorsements. Information has been collected from the respondent with the help of a structured questionnaire. The universe of the study is the state of Haryana covering both cities and small villages. Since it was not feasible to study the entire region, the researcher drew a sample. 3.5 Sampling Design and Sampling Technique Nine hundred eighty questionnaires were administered. Fifty questionnaires were found to be incomplete and hence were excluded in the final data. Therefore, data from nine hundred thirty respondents have been collected and analyzed. Due care has been taken to ensure that enough number of Urban and Rural respondents be included in the sample. 3.6 Data Collection Method In the present study, Structured Questionnaire method has been used to collect the data. In some case, particularly in case of semi-literate/illiterate respondents, personal interview technique was used to draw out information as per the questionnaire. 3.7 Scaling of Items A five point Likert’s scale from â€Å"Strongly Agree† to â€Å"Strongly Disagree† was used to measure the response to each statement (Items). 3.8 Tools of Data Analysis The data collected have been duly tabulated and classified. Thereafter it has been analyzed with the help of simple percentage technique to describe the present status of respondents. Chi-square test has been used by the researcher to study the association between various variables as well as to study the association between quantitative and qualitative variables. 7 Table 1.1 PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS Sr.No Percent N Percent 243 41.39 126 36.73 369 39.67 20-24 184 31.34 116 33.81 300 32.25 24-28 2) N 16-20 1) Profile of Respondents Age (in yrs) Urban (587) 160 27.25 101 29.44 261 28.06 Location Rural (343) Urban Total (930) Percent Rural N % N % 587 63.11 343 36.89 Percent 3) Occupation N Percent N 197 141 144 105 33.56 24.02 24.53 17.88 99 78 88 78 4) Students Self-Employed Business Housewife Gender N % 56.98 N Percent 28.86 296 22.74 219 21.28 229 16.90 183 Female Male 530 N N 400 % 43.02 INTERPRETATION: 1) The Profile of respondents as depicted in Table 1.1 shows that majority of them i.e. 243 respondents almost 42% fall in the category of age bracket of 16 to 20 years. 2) As the study was done to take the opinion of both Urban and Rural audience the data collected revealed 587 (63.11 %) respondents from urban areas as compared to 343 (36.89%) respondents from rural areas and suburb have been studied. 3) Majority of the respondents who were a part of this survey constituted of students (31.82%), followed by Businessman (24.62%) and Self-employed (23.54%). 4) Due importance was given to take response from both male and female respondents and hence 400 (43.02%) females participated in this survey as against 530 (65.98%) males. 8 31.82 23.54 24.62 19.67 ANALYSIS [S =Sample Standard Deviation] XU = 29.91 XR = 28.34 nU = 587 SU = 8.49 SR = 7.82 nR = 343 HÐ ¾:  µ1 =  µ2 (i.e. there is no significant difference between Urban & Rural with respect to effectiveness of endorsement in advertising) H1:  µ1 =  µ2 (Two tail test) USING Z – TEST At 5% level of significance, the critical value of Z = 1.96 for two tail test. Since calculated value is greater than critical value (Table-value) of Z, we reject HÐ ¾ in favour of H1 and conclude that there is a significant difference between Urban & Rural with respect to effectiveness of endorsement in advertising. 9 Table 1.2 Distribution of Respondents as Regards Attitude Indicators Sr. Indicators Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly No. Disagree Urban 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Celebrity Advertisement is more noticeable. Celebrity Advertisement have high recall rate. Celebrity Advertisement positively motivates audience for product purchase. Audience enjoys watching Celebrity Advertisement. Audience have positive attitude towards product having Celebrity Advertisement. Celebrity Advertisement are remembered for a long time. Use of Celebrity Advertisement enhances the credibility of Brands. Celebrity Advertisement is used when brand performance is poor. 10 Urban Rural N % 1) Rural Urban Rural N N % N % % N % N % 214 23.0 170 18.2 97 10.4 48 N Rural % N % Rural N % N % 5.1 88 46 4.9 101 10.8 31 4.3 143 15.3 100 10.7 117 12.5 62 6.67 103 11.0 49 5.2 123 10.2 67 7.2 101 10.8 65 6.9 147 15.8 103 11.0 123 13.2 102 10.9 114 12.2 34 3.6 100 9.7 8.8 54 6.3 5.91 110 11.8 70 7.5 112 12.0 70 7.5 140 15.05 103 11.0 114 12.2 102 10.9 118 12.6 34 3.6 108 11.6 50 5.3 107 11.5 54 5.8 165 17.74 111 11.9 139 14.9 101 10.8 100 10.7 50 5.37 95 10.2 40 4.30 88 9.4 41 4.4 147 15.8 7.4 120 12.9 70 7.52 120 12.9 84 9.03 100 10.7 60 6.4 100 10.7 60 6.4 120 12.90 100 10.7 140 15.0 76 8.17 128 13.7 51 5.48 104 11.1 61 6.5 105 11.2 55 5.9 69 4.3 85 9.13 55 9.4 Urban 9.3 48 180 19.35 108 11.6 100 10.7 40 5.1 87 Urban 50 6.4 103 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) Celebrity Advertisement ignores product quality/feature. Customers only remember celebrities & not brands in Advertising. Use of Celebrity in advertisement increase the cost of brand sold in market. Poorly performing celebrity affects the brand perception negatively. Social ideas may be promoted well by celebrities. 11 154 16.5 91 9.7 100 10.7 65 6.9 118 12.6 77 8.2 110 11.8 55 5.9 105 11.2 55 5.9 150 16.2 135 14.5 126 13.5 94 10.1 120 12.9 50 5.37 95 10.2 25 2.6 96 10.3 39 4.1 200 21.5 115 12.3 145 15.5 80 8.06 90 9.6 40 4.3 77 8.2 43 4.62 75 8.06 65 6.9 194 20.8 103 11.0 131 14.0 76 8.17 102 10.9 69 7.41 95 10.2 35 3.7 65 6.9 60 6.4 146 15.6 109 11.7 132 14.1 104 11.1 133 14.3 57 6.13 91 9.7 33 3.5 85 9.13 40 4.3 ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION: 1) According to the analysis Shown in the table 1.2 it was found that majority 529 (56.88%) of the respondents including 311 (33.44%) from Urban segment and 218 (23.44%) from Rural segment were in the favor of this statement and hence it was proved that celebrity advertisement is more noticeable. 2) Analysis of Second indicator shows that majority of the respondents 422 (45.37%) including 260 (27.95%) from Urban segment and 162 (17.41%) from Rural segment believe that celebrity advertisement do have high recall rate. 3) As can be analyzed in table 1.2 it is seen that 475 (51.07%) respondents including 270 (29.03%) from Urban segment and 205 (22.04%) from Rural segment strongly feel that if the product is being endorsed by any celebrity it motivates the audience for purchasing that product. 4) Analysis shows that 428 (46.02%) respondents including 280 (30.10%) from Urban segment and 148 (15.91%) from Rural segment enjoys watching celebrity advertisement as it is evident from the above interpretation. 5) However, it was also seen that a total of 459 (49.35%) respondents which included 254 (27.31%) from Urban Segment and 205 (22.04%) from Rural segment do have positive attitude towards product having celebrity advertisement and they enjoyed watching such advertisements. 6) Study revealed this fact that majority 516 (55.48%) of respondents including 304 (32.68%) From Urban Segment and 212 (22.79%) from Rural segment felt that celebrity advertisements are remembered for a long time as they have a strong appeal in the minds of consumers and consumers correlate the products by their favourite celebrity. 7) According to the study conducted it was found 406 (43.65%) respondents including 267 (28.70%) from Urban segment and 139(14.94%) from Rural segment believe that generally celebrity advertisements enhance the credibility of the brands. 12 8) Analysis revealed that 436 (46.88%) respondents including 260 (27.95%) from Urban segment and 176 (18.92%) from Rural segment felt that companies generally used celebrity advertisements when their brands performance is poor and it is difficult for them to sustain their brand in the market. 9) It was evident from the study that 410 (44.08%) respondents including 254 (27.31%) from Urban segment and 156 (16.77%) from Rural Segment felt that that Celebrity Advertisement ignores product quality or any kind of features in it. 10) Accordingly it was found that 505 (54.30%) customers including 276 (29.67%) from Urban segment and 229 (24.62%) from Rural segment only remember the celebrity in that advertisement and somehow tends to forget the brand this shows the power of Celebrities which generally overshadows the Brand. 11) According to the study conducted it was found that majority of the respondents 540 (58.06%) including 345 (37.09%) from Urban segment and 195 (20.96%) from Rural segment felt that if a celebrity is used to advertise a product it however means that it will increase the cost of brand in the market. 12) However with reference to the study conducted majority of the respondents 504 (54.19%) including 325 (34.94%) from Urban segment and 179 (19.24%) from Rural segment felt that a poor performing celebrity does affect the brand perception negatively even if it is their favorite actor, actress or cricketer. 13) According to the study conducted majority of the respondents 491(52.73%) including 278 (29.89%) from Urban segment and 213 (22.90%) from Rural segment felt that the celebrities are perfect alibi when it comes to promoting social ideas. N.B- All the figures mentioned in the above Analysis & Interpretation is the accumulation of Strongly Agree and Agree Variables. 13 Table 1.3 TABLE OF INTERPRETATION Level of Significance – .05 ATTITUDE INDICATORS 1) Celebrity Advertisement is more noticeable. 2) Celebrity Advertisement have high recall rate. 3) Celebrity Advertisement positively motivates audience for product purchase. 4) Audience enjoys watching Celebrity Advertisement. 5) Audience have positive attitude towards product having Celebrity Advertisement. 6) Celebrity Advertisements are remembered for a long time. 7) Use of Celebrity Advertisement enhances the credibility of Brands. 8) Celebrity Advertisement is used when brand performance is poor. 9) Celebrity Advertisement ignores product quality/feature. 10) Customers only remember celebrities & not brands in Advertising. 11) Use of Celebrity in advertisement increase the cost of brand sold in market. 12) Poorly performing celebrity affects the brand perception negatively. 13) Social ideas may be promoted well by celebrities. 14 CHI-SQUARE VALUE 20.54 Hypothesis Accepted 4.28303 Accepted 22.4396 Accepted 5.05116 Accepted 29.466 Accepted 9.402 Accepted 3.9368 Accepted 64.66 Accepted 2.349 Accepted 37.745 Accepted 8 Accepted 13.67623 Accepted 19.764 Accepted DECLARATION This is to certify that the paper is the original work of the authors and has not been submitted elsewhere. For any violation of the copyrights, the author shall bear the sole responsibility. 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